Changes

The wing of the national Democratic Party Sanders represented was an insurgent branch of progressive Jacksonianism denouncing the "old fogey" faction<ref name=papers>Bickel, Richard; Krowl, Michelle. [http://rs5.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2012/ms012053.pdf George Nicholas Sanders Family Papers]. ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved September 28, 2023.</ref> led by the aging [[Lewis Cass]]. Historian Merle Curti described the movement as "a crusade for European republicanism would divert attention from sectional controversies, open European markets to American surplus, and fulfill the American mission of furthering the cause of democracy and freedom throughout the world."<ref name=papers/>

The wing of the national Democratic Party Sanders represented was an insurgent branch of progressive Jacksonianism denouncing the "old fogey" faction<ref name=papers>Bickel, Richard; Krowl, Michelle. [http://rs5.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2012/ms012053.pdf George Nicholas Sanders Family Papers]. ''Library of Congress''. Retrieved September 28, 2023.</ref> led by the aging [[Lewis Cass]]. Historian Merle Curti described the movement as "a crusade for European republicanism would divert attention from sectional controversies, open European markets to American surplus, and fulfill the American mission of furthering the cause of democracy and freedom throughout the world."<ref name=papers/>

He told Democrats in 1852:<ref>Chaitkin, Anton (1984). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Treason_In_America/dgmDCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=george+sanders+this+continent+is+for+white+people&pg=PT114&printsec=frontcover Treason in America: From Aaron Burr To Averell Harriman], ch. 12. ''Google Books''. Retrieved September 28, 2023.</ref>

He told Democrats in 1852:<ref name=treasoninamerica,ch.12>Chaitkin, Anton (1984). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Treason_In_America/dgmDCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=george+sanders+this+continent+is+for+white+people&pg=PT114&printsec=frontcover Treason in America: From Aaron Burr To Averell Harriman], ch. 12. ''Google Books''. Retrieved September 28, 2023.</ref>

{{cquote|This continent is for white people, and not only the continent, but the islands adjacent, and the negro must be kept in slavery at [[Cuba]] and <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Haiti]]], under white republican masters.|||George Sanders, ''Democratic Review'', 1952}}

{{cquote|This continent is for white people, and not only the continent, but the islands adjacent, and the negro must be kept in slavery at [[Cuba]] and <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Haiti]]], under white republican masters.|||George Sanders, ''Democratic Review'', 1952}}

In 1853 under the new Pierce Administration, Sanders was appointed U.S. consul to London via recess appointment,<ref name=papers/> evidently due to unlikelihood of Senate approval. He then established a London residence which became a meeting location for revolutionaries, namely Lajos Kossuth of Hungray in addition to Italian leaders Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini.<ref name=papers/> Sanders's influence gained American passports for Mazzini and the latter's friend Aurelio Saffi.<ref name=dallago>Dal Lago, Enrico (November 11, 2013). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/William_Lloyd_Garrison_and_Giuseppe_Mazz/aatAAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=giuseppe+mazzini+franklin+pierce&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover William Lloyd Garrison and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform], pp. 150–51. ''Google Books'' .Retrieved September 28, 2023.</ref> Despite hard-fought efforts to gain financial backing for the European revolutionary leaders, such support was never obtained.

In 1853 under the new Pierce Administration, Sanders was appointed U.S. consul to London via recess appointment,<ref name=papers/> evidently due to unlikelihood of Senate approval. He then established a London residence which became a meeting location for revolutionaries, namely Lajos Kossuth of Hungray in addition to Italian leaders Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini.<ref name=papers/> Sanders's influence gained American passports for Mazzini and the latter's friend Aurelio Saffi.<ref name=dallago>Dal Lago, Enrico (November 11, 2013). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/William_Lloyd_Garrison_and_Giuseppe_Mazz/aatAAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=giuseppe+mazzini+franklin+pierce&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover William Lloyd Garrison and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform], pp. 150–51. ''Google Books'' .Retrieved September 28, 2023.</ref> Despite hard-fought efforts to gain financial backing for the European revolutionary leaders, such support was never obtained.

Mazzini's revolutionary efforts were supported by the Pierce Administration as a radical outgrowth of "republicanism."<ref name=dallago/> Although the Young America movement's support for slavery expansion ran contrary to the abolitionist activism by supporters of [[William Lloyd Garrison]], who Mazzini conferred with, their support was welcomed by the Italian revolutionary purportedly due to desperation, according to author Enrico Dal Lago. Dal Lago argues that an ultimate split between Mazziniites and Garrisonians over slavery was genuine, while researcher Anton Chaitkin argues that both forces served along a dichotomy for an ultimate shared goal: [[secession]] and breakup of the United States.

Mazzini's revolutionary efforts were supported by the Pierce Administration as a radical outgrowth of "republicanism."<ref name=dallago/> Although the Young America movement's support for slavery expansion ran contrary to the abolitionist activism by supporters of [[William Lloyd Garrison]], who Mazzini conferred with, their support was welcomed by the Italian revolutionary purportedly due to desperation, according to author Enrico Dal Lago. Dal Lago argues that an ultimate split between Mazziniites and Garrisonians over slavery was genuine,<ref name=dallago/> while researcher Anton Chaitkin argues that both forces served along a dichotomy for an ultimate shared goal: [[secession]] and breakup of the United States.<ref name=treasoninamerica,ch.12/>

The following year, after returning to the U.S. where much of the federal legislative body held considerable skepticism of Sanders's activities, the [[United States Senate]] thwarted his confirmation sought by President Pierce.<ref name=papers/> Despite this setback, however, Sanders found extensive connections within the Democratic Party due to both his domestic and diplomatic initiatives.

The following year, after returning to the U.S. where much of the federal legislative body held considerable skepticism of Sanders's activities, the [[United States Senate]] thwarted his confirmation sought by President Pierce.<ref name=papers/> Despite this setback, however, Sanders found extensive connections within the Democratic Party due to both his domestic and diplomatic initiatives.