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Line 74: − − ===Africa campaign=== − {{See also|Battle of El Alamein|Italy in World_War II#North_Africa}} − The Battle of El Alamein took place in the North African desert in [[Egypt]] in October–November 1942. British and Commonwealth forces led by [[Bernard Law Montgomery|General B. L. Montgomery]] ('Monty' to the troops) attacked and overwhelmed a German–Italian force led by Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]]. Following the victorious outcome of the battle, the Allied forces chased the Germans westwards across [[North Africa]] to [[Tunisia]], where, in concert with an American army which had landed in North Africa in [[Operation Torch]], the [[Axis]] forces were driven out of Africa. − − Alamein was also significant in raising morale in Britain, as it was the first significant land victory over German forces by the British Army. Churchill remarked that "before Alamein, we never had a victory; after Alamein, we never had a defeat." This was not entirely accurate, but did pinpoint the battle as a turning point in British conduct of the war, which had hitherto seen a series of defeats against Germany (Dunkirk, Greece, Crete, the Desert). − − The Battle also cemented the reputation of Montgomery as a victorious general. He was a cautious commander, and carefully built up a great superiority in arms, equipment and men, before launching his attack. Criticized by some for over‐caution in action, and over‐exuberance, not to say arrogance, in his dealings with other generals and politicians, his care for the welfare of his men made him a popular leader.
→Africa campaign: mv down
As the war progressed the [[Soviet Union]] became locked in a struggle with the invading German [[Wehrmacht]] and greatly benefited from the US war materials; they were delivered via Arctic seaports of [[Archangel]] and [[Murmansk]], through the [[Persian Gulf]] then over land across [[Iran]] (Persia) due to [[Iraq]] being an active [[combat]] zone, and in the [[Far East]] via [[Vladivostok]]. While Soviets historians downplayed the importance of the aid, recent scholarship has discovered how essential it was to the Soviet war effort.
As the war progressed the [[Soviet Union]] became locked in a struggle with the invading German [[Wehrmacht]] and greatly benefited from the US war materials; they were delivered via Arctic seaports of [[Archangel]] and [[Murmansk]], through the [[Persian Gulf]] then over land across [[Iran]] (Persia) due to [[Iraq]] being an active [[combat]] zone, and in the [[Far East]] via [[Vladivostok]]. While Soviets historians downplayed the importance of the aid, recent scholarship has discovered how essential it was to the Soviet war effort.
===Aerial bombing===
===Aerial bombing===