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History of Ukraine (view source)

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According the [[BBC]], the trident is a symbol associated with [[white supremacy]] in the UK police counter-extremism guide and also used by Ukraine's [[neo-nazi]] [[Svoboda party]].<ref name=AntiTerror>[https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-51174898 Ukraine coat of arms in UK anti-terror list furore], By Georgina Rannard, [[BBC News]], 21 January 2020.</ref>

A Counter Terrorism Policing official told BBC News after the controversy of the inclusion of the symbol: "We regret any offence caused, unfortunately, far-right groups have a history of misappropriating national symbols as part of their identity and this is the reason why some national flags and symbols appear in our document".

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~~==Origins of an Ukrainian State: 19th century, 1897 Russian Empire Census and World War I==~~

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[[File:Map of the Ukrainian Republic in 1919, taken from the Memorandum on Ukrainian Independence, presented to the Peace Conference by the Delegation of the Ukrainian Republic.jpg|350px|thumbnail|Borders claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and 1920.]]

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In the 19th century the Ukrainian was a rural area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and modernization, and a cultural trend toward nationalism inspired by romanticism, a Ukrainian intelligentsia committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged. The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814-1861) and the political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841-1895) led the growing nationalist movement. Nationalist and socialist parties developed in the late 19th century. '''[[Austrian Galicia]]''', which enjoyed substantial political freedom under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Hapsburgs]], became the center of the nationalist movement. The first Ukrainians were Carpathian Russians in [[Austria-Hungary]] who denounced [[Orthodox Christianity]] for [[Roman Catholicism|Catholicism]] in 1893.<ref>https://russian-faith.com/persecution/struggle-russian-christian-faith-europe-carpatho-russians-n1122</ref>

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~~[[File:Ukrainians in the Russian Empire, 1897.jpg|350px|thumbnail|left|Ukrainian Speakers in the Russian Empire, 1897.]]~~

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In 1897 the [[Russian Empire]] conducted a Census<ref>[https://www.myheritage.com/wiki/Ukrainian_census_records Ukrainian census records - MyHeritage]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377830800_Censuses_in_Ukraine|title=Censuses in Ukraine|date=January 2024|publisher=The Global Politics of Census Taking|author=Tetyana Tyshchuk; Ilona Sologoub}}</ref> in which Russians were labeled as Great Russian (Великорусский), Ukrainians as Little Russian (Малорусский) and Belorrusians as White Russian (Белорусский). Byelorussian and Ukrainian languages were considered as the dialects of a unified Russian language in the census. Russian was the higher social prestige language at that time and ‘Little Russian’ language was frequently associated with the lower classes.<ref name=CensusAcademia>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/32001120/UKRAINIAN_URBAN_POPULATION_OF_THE_RUSSIAN_EMPIRE_ETHNIC_AND_LINGUISTIC_TRANSFORMATIONS_IN_THE_LATE_19_th_CENTURY|title=UKRAINIAN URBAN POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: ETHNIC AND LINGUISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE LATE 19 th CENTURY|author=Olga Kazakevych|date=2016}}</ref> According to Stephen Rapawy "The 1897 census reported that 63.3 percent of the inhabitants migrated from the surrounding and predominantly Ukrainian-speaking countryside (language but not nationality was asked in the census) but only 25 percent claimed Ukrainian as their national language. The migration took place largely after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, and the new Ukrainian migrants claimed Russian since Ukrainian was considered a crude peasant dialect. It is highly improbable that illiterate, or at best semiliterate, people from Ukrainian villages in a comparatively short period of time would forget Ukrainian and acquire proficiency in Russian, especially since they worked and socialized with people of similar backgrounds".<ref>{{cite web|title=ETHNIC REIDENTIFICATION IN UKRAINE|author=Stephen Rapawy|date=1997|publisher=U.S. Bureau of the Census|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/1997/demo/sp90.pdf}}</ref> The results of 1897 census show that the Russian and Ukrainian languages divided the majority of the Ukrainian urban population in almost equal halves. The Ukrainian speakers still were the predominant linguistic group of the Poltava (92,98%), Podolia (80,93%), Kharkiv (80,62%), Kyiv (79,21%), Volyn (70,09%), Ekaterinoslav (68,90%), Chernihiv (66,41%) and Kherson (53,48%) governorates. However, the ethnic and linguistic composition of the urban population differed significantly. Ukrainian speakers ranked second (17,81%) after the Russians (44,31%).<ref name=CensusAcademia/>

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Before 1917, one could walk on foot from Kiev to Moscow without noticing any linguistic differences. Defeat in [[World War I]] and the Russian revolutions of 1917 destroyed the Hapsburg and Russian empires. The Ukrainian elite declared statehood: the Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed at Kiev on Nov. 20, 1917, becoming independent on Jan. 22, 1918. The West Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed at Lviv on Nov. 1, 1918. A rival Ukrainian Soviet Republic was established at Kharkiv on Dec. 24, 1917. On Jan. 22, 1919, the two people's republics united. Lenin gave Ukraine Kharkiv, Donbass, and the coastal oblasts, making it an artificial state in the style of the [[EU]].<ref>https://russophile.org/is-ukraine-an-artificial-state-popular-youtuber-says-yes/</ref><ref>https://orientalreview.org/2017/08/21/ukraines-misunderstanding-lenin-helps-explain-americas-fight-re-invented-historical-statues/</ref><ref>https://russian-faith.com/persecution/struggle-russian-christian-faith-europe-carpatho-russians-n1122</ref><ref>https://www.sott.net/article/391652-The-history-of-Ukraine-as-an-artificial-state</ref> By then, however, the military situation was desperate, as Polish and Bolshevik armies pressed the Ukrainian nationalists from west and east and the peasant anarchists led by Nestor Makhno took control of large areas. Because communist theory denies the existence of race as the adherents flip flop to favor one group over another, Lenin made the Soviet Union autonomous republics so not one ethnic group will have too much power.

== Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church ==

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==== Society of Saint Josaphat ====

The [[Traditional Catholic|Catholic Traditionalist]] of [[Roman Catholic Church#Catholic Church Rites (branches)|Byzantine Rite]] assosiation, Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat (SSJK) which is assosiated with the Traditionalist [[Society of St. Pius X]] (SSPX), its based on Lviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fsspx.news/es/news/ucrania-ordenaciones-para-la-fraternidad-san-josafat-19217|title=Ucrania: ordenaciones para la Fraternidad San Josafat|publisher=SSPX|language=es|date=5 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://infovaticana.com/2021/10/26/los-lefebvrianos-presumen-del-gran-numero-de-vocaciones-que-han-tenido-en-2021/|title=Los lefebvrianos presumen del gran número de vocaciones que han tenido en 2021|publisher=Info Vaticana|date=26 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sspx.au/en/news/interview-priest-society-saint-josaphat-war-ukraine-28055|title=An Interview with a Priest of the Society of Saint Josaphat on the War in Ukraine|date=17 July 2022|publisher=[[SSPX]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fsspx.news/it/node/23067|title=Bishop de Galarreta Ordains Two Priests in Ukraine|date=6 December 2019|publisher=[[SSPX]]}}</ref>

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==Origins of an Ukrainian State: 19th century, 1897 Russian Empire Census and World War I==

+

[[File:Map of the Ukrainian Republic in 1919, taken from the Memorandum on Ukrainian Independence, presented to the Peace Conference by the Delegation of the Ukrainian Republic.jpg|350px|thumbnail|Borders claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and 1920.]]

+

In the 19th century the Ukrainian was a rural area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and modernization, and a cultural trend toward nationalism inspired by romanticism, a Ukrainian intelligentsia committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged. The serf-turned-national-poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814-1861) and the political theorist [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]] (1841-1895) led the growing nationalist movement. Nationalist and socialist parties developed in the late 19th century. '''[[Austrian Galicia]]''', which enjoyed substantial political freedom under the relatively lenient rule of the [[Hapsburgs]], became the center of the nationalist movement. The first Ukrainians were Carpathian Russians in [[Austria-Hungary]] who denounced [[Orthodox Christianity]] for [[Roman Catholicism|Catholicism]] in 1893.<ref>https://russian-faith.com/persecution/struggle-russian-christian-faith-europe-carpatho-russians-n1122</ref>

+

[[File:Ukrainians in the Russian Empire, 1897.jpg|350px|thumbnail|left|Ukrainian Speakers in the Russian Empire, 1897.]]

+

In 1897 the [[Russian Empire]] conducted a Census<ref>[https://www.myheritage.com/wiki/Ukrainian_census_records Ukrainian census records - MyHeritage]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377830800_Censuses_in_Ukraine|title=Censuses in Ukraine|date=January 2024|publisher=The Global Politics of Census Taking|author=Tetyana Tyshchuk; Ilona Sologoub}}</ref> in which Russians were labeled as Great Russian (Великорусский), Ukrainians as Little Russian (Малорусский) and Belorrusians as White Russian (Белорусский). Byelorussian and Ukrainian languages were considered as the dialects of a unified Russian language in the census. Russian was the higher social prestige language at that time and ‘Little Russian’ language was frequently associated with the lower classes.<ref name=CensusAcademia>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/32001120/UKRAINIAN_URBAN_POPULATION_OF_THE_RUSSIAN_EMPIRE_ETHNIC_AND_LINGUISTIC_TRANSFORMATIONS_IN_THE_LATE_19_th_CENTURY|title=UKRAINIAN URBAN POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: ETHNIC AND LINGUISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE LATE 19 th CENTURY|author=Olga Kazakevych|date=2016}}</ref> According to Stephen Rapawy "The 1897 census reported that 63.3 percent of the inhabitants migrated from the surrounding and predominantly Ukrainian-speaking countryside (language but not nationality was asked in the census) but only 25 percent claimed Ukrainian as their national language. The migration took place largely after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, and the new Ukrainian migrants claimed Russian since Ukrainian was considered a crude peasant dialect. It is highly improbable that illiterate, or at best semiliterate, people from Ukrainian villages in a comparatively short period of time would forget Ukrainian and acquire proficiency in Russian, especially since they worked and socialized with people of similar backgrounds".<ref>{{cite web|title=ETHNIC REIDENTIFICATION IN UKRAINE|author=Stephen Rapawy|date=1997|publisher=U.S. Bureau of the Census|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/1997/demo/sp90.pdf}}</ref> The results of 1897 census show that the Russian and Ukrainian languages divided the majority of the Ukrainian urban population in almost equal halves. The Ukrainian speakers still were the predominant linguistic group of the Poltava (92,98%), Podolia (80,93%), Kharkiv (80,62%), Kyiv (79,21%), Volyn (70,09%), Ekaterinoslav (68,90%), Chernihiv (66,41%) and Kherson (53,48%) governorates. However, the ethnic and linguistic composition of the urban population differed significantly. Ukrainian speakers ranked second (17,81%) after the Russians (44,31%).<ref name=CensusAcademia/>

+

Before 1917, one could walk on foot from Kiev to Moscow without noticing any linguistic differences. Defeat in [[World War I]] and the Russian revolutions of 1917 destroyed the Hapsburg and Russian empires. The Ukrainian elite declared statehood: the Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed at Kiev on Nov. 20, 1917, becoming independent on Jan. 22, 1918. The West Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed at Lviv on Nov. 1, 1918. A rival Ukrainian Soviet Republic was established at Kharkiv on Dec. 24, 1917. On Jan. 22, 1919, the two people's republics united. Lenin gave Ukraine Kharkiv, Donbass, and the coastal oblasts, making it an artificial state in the style of the [[EU]].<ref>https://russophile.org/is-ukraine-an-artificial-state-popular-youtuber-says-yes/</ref><ref>https://orientalreview.org/2017/08/21/ukraines-misunderstanding-lenin-helps-explain-americas-fight-re-invented-historical-statues/</ref><ref>https://russian-faith.com/persecution/struggle-russian-christian-faith-europe-carpatho-russians-n1122</ref><ref>https://www.sott.net/article/391652-The-history-of-Ukraine-as-an-artificial-state</ref> By then, however, the military situation was desperate, as Polish and Bolshevik armies pressed the Ukrainian nationalists from west and east and the peasant anarchists led by Nestor Makhno took control of large areas. Because communist theory denies the existence of race as the adherents flip flop to favor one group over another, Lenin made the Soviet Union autonomous republics so not one ethnic group will have too much power.

==1917-1922==

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