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[[File:Vaticanus.jpg|thumb|right|A page from Codex Vaticanus]]

[[File:Vaticanus.jpg|thumb|right|A page from Codex Vaticanus]]

'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is a [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] the earliest out of those still in existence today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), and may have been produced in Egypt. It first appeared in the catalog of the Vatican Library in Rome in 1475. The codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript. The complete text was published in 1857 and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> This combined with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] forms the basis for all modern translations.

'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is the earliest near-complete [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] that exists today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), probably in [[Egypt]]. It first appeared in a Vatican Library catalog in Rome in 1475. This codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. The complete text was published in 1857, and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript today, and this combined with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] forms the basis for all modern translations.

In 1881, Cambridge scholars B. F Westcott and F. J. A. Hort, two prominent antibiblical occultists,<ref>Bruggeman, James. [http://pdf.amazingdiscoveries.org/References/TO/213/TO213_S131-The_Political_and_Occult_Connections_of_Westcott_and_Hort.pdf The Political & Occult Connections of Westcott & Hort Fathers of Modern Bible Versions Were Also Among Fathers of the New Age Movement Also Linked to the Powerful Family Behind the British Monarchy]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved June 10, 2023.</ref> used Vaticanus as a basis for a Greek text of the New Testament, now called the Westcott–Hort or Alexandrian text. Some parts of Vaticanus are missing or damaged. Hebrews ends at 9:14 and the Pastorals, Philemon, and Revelation are missing.<ref>Substantial missing passages include (see also the section below on specific verses): Genesis 1:1-46; Genesis 28; Psalms 106-38; Matthew 16:2-3; the [[Mark ending]] ({{bibleref|Mark|16:9-20}}; both 1 & 2 Timothy; Titus; the final chapter and a half of Hebrews (Hebrews 9:14-13:25); and the entirety of Revelation.</ref> Westcott and Hort used [[Codex Sinaiticus]], an uncial manuscript nearly as old as Vaticanus, to fill in these gaps. Revelation was taken from [[Codex Alexandrinus]], a fifth-century uncial. In more recent times, the Biblical quotations used by the church fathers have been cataloged and papyrus scrolls of various New Testament books have been found. Both of these sources are older than the uncial manuscripts. Yet they tend to confirm the validity of the Westcott–Hort text.

In 1881, Cambridge scholars B. F Westcott and F. J. A. Hort, two prominent antibiblical occultists,<ref>Bruggeman, James. [http://pdf.amazingdiscoveries.org/References/TO/213/TO213_S131-The_Political_and_Occult_Connections_of_Westcott_and_Hort.pdf The Political & Occult Connections of Westcott & Hort Fathers of Modern Bible Versions Were Also Among Fathers of the New Age Movement Also Linked to the Powerful Family Behind the British Monarchy]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved June 10, 2023.</ref> used Vaticanus as a basis for a Greek text of the New Testament, now called the Westcott–Hort or Alexandrian text. Some parts of Vaticanus are missing or damaged. Hebrews ends at 9:14 and the Pastorals, Philemon, and Revelation are missing.<ref>Substantial missing passages include (see also the section below on specific verses): Genesis 1:1-46; Genesis 28; Psalms 106-38; Matthew 16:2-3; the [[Mark ending]] ({{bibleref|Mark|16:9-20}}); both 1 & 2 Timothy; Titus; the final chapter and a half of Hebrews (Hebrews 9:14-13:25); and the entirety of Revelation.</ref> Westcott and Hort used [[Codex Sinaiticus]], an uncial manuscript nearly as old as Vaticanus, to fill in these gaps. Revelation was taken from [[Codex Alexandrinus]], a fifth-century uncial. In more recent times, the Biblical quotations used by the church fathers have been cataloged and papyrus scrolls of various New Testament books have been found. Both of these sources are older than the uncial manuscripts. Yet they tend to confirm the validity of the Westcott–Hort text.

Codex Vaticanus, used along with Codex Sinaiticus, as the basis for modern translations gloated by Roman Catholics as an "exoneration" of Jesuit Bibles from early Protestant critics, apparently omits the Pastoral Epistles for directly refuting beliefs held by [[Origen]] which were adopted by the Catholic Church; [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1-Timothy-2-5/ 1 Timothy 2:5] asserts only a single mediator, Jesus Christ, between God and men, contradicting Roman Catholicism's teaching that individuals must confess their sins before a priest in addition to praying to Mary and the saints.

Some argue that Codex Vaticanus is an "exoneration" of Jesuit Bibles against early Protestant critics, while others argue that the omission of the Pastoral Epistles was intentional because they refute beliefs held by [[Origen]] that the Catholic Church adopted; [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1-Timothy-2-5/ 1 Timothy 2:5] asserts only a single mediator, Jesus Christ, between God and men, which some argue undermines Roman Catholicism's teaching that individuals must confess their sins before a priest in addition to praying to Mary and the saints.

==Verses not found in Vaticanus==

==Verses not found in Vaticanus==

Omitted, and speculated by some as not authentic, are about 30 short passages or verses included in the [[KJV]] before the discovery of the Codex Vaticanus and other early manuscripts, including the following:

Notably omitted, probably due to their lack of authenticity, are about 30 short passages or verses included in the [[KJV]] before the discovery of the Codex Vaticanus and other early manuscripts, including the following:

*{{bibleref|Matthew|12|47|version=KJV}} (a repetitive verse in the [[KJV]]; omitted from the [[ESV]])

*{{bibleref|Matthew|12|47|version=KJV}} (a repetitive verse in the [[KJV]]; omitted from the [[ESV]])

*{{bibleref|Matthew|16|2b–3}} ([[ESV]] denotes with a footnote as sometimes omitted)

*{{bibleref|Matthew|16|2b–3}} ([[ESV]] denotes with a footnote as sometimes omitted)

*{{bibleref|Mark|11:26|version=KJV}} - "But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses." (omitted by ESV)

*{{bibleref|Mark|11:26|version=KJV}} - "But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses." (omitted by ESV)

*{{bibleref|Mark|15:28|version=KJV}} - "And the scripture was fulfilled ...." (omitted by ESV)

*{{bibleref|Mark|15:28|version=KJV}} - "And the scripture was fulfilled ...." (omitted by ESV)

*{{bibleref|Mark|16:9–20}}

*{{bibleref|Mark|16:9–20}} - ''see'' [[Mark ending]]

*{{bibleref|Luke|17:36|version=KJV}} - "Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left." (repetitive, omitted by ESV)

*{{bibleref|Luke|17:36|version=KJV}} - "Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left." (repetitive, omitted by ESV)

*{{bibleref|Luke|22:43–44|version=KJV}} - (included by ESV with a note about its absence from early manuscripts) "43 And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. 44 And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground."

*{{bibleref|Luke|22:43–44|version=KJV}} - (included by ESV with a note about its absence from early manuscripts) "43 And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. 44 And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground."