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| | The Army was created by order of the [[Second Continental Congress]] on June 14, 1775. It is the oldest branch of the United States Armed Forces. | | The Army was created by order of the [[Second Continental Congress]] on June 14, 1775. It is the oldest branch of the United States Armed Forces. |
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| − | For the [[War of 1812]] and the [[Mexican American War]], the army was augments by militia forces and volunteers. for the [[American Civil War]], the infantry was kept small in size and stationed on Indian control duties in the west. An entirely new temporary Volunteer Army was used to fight the war. | + | For the [[War of 1812]] and the [[Mexican American War]], the army was augmented by militia forces and volunteers. For the [[American Civil War]], the infantry was kept small in size and stationed on Indian control duties in [[the West]]. An entirely new temporary Volunteer Army was used to fight the war. |
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| − | President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] modernized the U.S. Army, with the reforms of [[Elihu Root]]. Previously, the Army had maintained many small garrisons scattered in the western states to control Indians (which were unnecessary after 1890), and small coastal defense installations near port cities (which were never used). With the reforms, it now had, for the first time in its history, a general staff and advanced training schools to professionalize the officer corps. Even so, the army was amazingly small in terms of world comparisons, as the graph demonstrates for 1906. | + | President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] modernized the U.S. Army, with reforms by [[Elihu Root]]. Previously, the Army had maintained many small garrisons scattered in the western states to control Indians (which were unnecessary after 1890), and small coastal defense installations near port cities (which were never used). With the reforms, it now had, for the first time in its history, a general staff and advanced training schools to professionalize the officer corps. Even so, the army was amazingly small in terms of world comparisons, as the graph demonstrates for 1906. |
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| | On July 26, 1948, President [[Harry S. Truman]] signed Executive Order 9981; it began the process of ending racial segregation in the armed forces and was finally in effect in the early 1950s. | | On July 26, 1948, President [[Harry S. Truman]] signed Executive Order 9981; it began the process of ending racial segregation in the armed forces and was finally in effect in the early 1950s. |
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| | == Organization == | | == Organization == |
| − | The Army comprises two components, the Active Component and the Reserve Component. The Active Component is the Regular Army; soldiers serve full-time. The Reserve Component comprises the Army National Guard and the US Army Reserve. Soldiers in the Army National Guard are simultaneously members of their state forces (e.g. the Michigan Army National Guard) and the Army National Guard of the United States. Reserve Component soldiers may serve full-time, attend monthly assemblies and annual training exercises, or be inactive. | + | The Army comprises two components, the Active Component and the Reserve Component. The Active Component is the Regular Army; soldiers serve full-time. The Reserve Component comprises the Army National Guard and the US Army Reserve. Soldiers in the Army National Guard are simultaneously members of their state forces (e.g., the Michigan Army National Guard) and the Army National Guard of the United States. Reserve Component soldiers may serve full-time, attend monthly assemblies and annual training exercises, or be inactive. |
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| | {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" | | {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" |
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| | In terms of conflicts, [[psychological warfare]] (PSYWAR) is used "to denote any action which is practiced mainly by psychological methods with the aim of evoking a planned psychological reaction in other people."<ref>Szunyogh, Béla (1955). [http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid=11483538-24de-49b9-a526-8708fa45e67e%40sessionmgr115&vid=0&hid=117&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edshtl&AN=mdp.39015002229154 Psychological warfare; an introduction to ideological propaganda and the techniques of psychological warfare]. United States: William-Freder</ref> | | In terms of conflicts, [[psychological warfare]] (PSYWAR) is used "to denote any action which is practiced mainly by psychological methods with the aim of evoking a planned psychological reaction in other people."<ref>Szunyogh, Béla (1955). [http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid=11483538-24de-49b9-a526-8708fa45e67e%40sessionmgr115&vid=0&hid=117&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edshtl&AN=mdp.39015002229154 Psychological warfare; an introduction to ideological propaganda and the techniques of psychological warfare]. United States: William-Freder</ref> |
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| − | In military conflicts it is often also known as '''PSYOP''', Psy Ops and "winning the hearts and minds". In military and political conflicts it is often referred to as [[propaganda]]. | + | In military conflicts it is often also known as '''PSYOP''', Psy Ops and "winning the hearts and minds". In military and political conflicts, it is often referred to as [[propaganda]]. |
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| | According to the U.S. Army: | | According to the U.S. Army: |
| − | {{Cquote|Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Soldiers benefit the Army’s missions by using unconventional techniques. Their intelligence, interpersonal skills, cultural sensitivity, and foreign language proficiency help sway opinions and actions of foreign governments, groups, and individuals. Psychological warfare requires adaptability, resilience, and problem solving to be successful. To become a PSYOP Soldier, you’ll be thoroughly tested and trained on your critical thinking skills, and your mental and physical toughness, in order to prepare you for work in the field.<ref>[https://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/specialty-careers/special-ops/psychological-operations.html PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS - U.S. Army website]</ref>}} | + | {{Cquote|Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Soldiers benefit the Army’s missions by using unconventional techniques. Their intelligence, interpersonal skills, cultural sensitivity, and foreign language proficiency help sway opinions and actions of foreign governments, groups, and individuals. Psychological warfare requires adaptability, resilience, and problem-solving to be successful. To become a PSYOP Soldier, you’ll be thoroughly tested and trained on your critical thinking skills, and your mental and physical toughness, in order to prepare you for work in the field.<ref>[https://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/specialty-careers/special-ops/psychological-operations.html PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS - U.S. Army website]</ref>}} |
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| | === 2003 U.S. Army field manual: Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures === | | === 2003 U.S. Army field manual: Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures === |