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Other types of irony include:
Other types of irony include:
'''Romantic irony''', a narrative device whereby the author repeatedly reminds the audience of his presence in a written or performed work. Romantic irony can range from the subtle (the inclusion of a third chair in a scene with only two characters as a reminder of the author's invisible presence) to the overt ([[Lord Byron]]'s repeated allusions to himself and his craft in "Don Juan.")
'''Romantic irony''', a [[narrative]] device whereby the author repeatedly reminds the audience of his presence in a written or performed work. Romantic irony can range from the subtle (the inclusion of a third chair in a scene with only two characters as a reminder of the author's invisible presence) to the overt ([[Lord Byron]]'s repeated allusions to himself and his craft in "Don Juan.")
'''Cosmic irony''' is predicated upon the notion that the fates, the gods, or the universe are either capricious or ultimately indifferent to human suffering. Thus, irony results from the contrast between the pathos of mankind's struggles and their ultimate futility. Cosmic irony is a hallmark of the naturalist literary movement; the works of [[Thomas Hardy]], in particular, invoke cosmic irony on a routine basis.
'''Cosmic irony''' is predicated upon the notion that the fates, the gods, or the universe are either capricious or ultimately indifferent to human suffering. Thus, irony results from the contrast between the pathos of mankind's struggles and their ultimate futility. Cosmic irony is a hallmark of the naturalist literary movement; the works of [[Thomas Hardy]], in particular, invoke cosmic irony on a routine basis.