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Shroud of Turin (view source)

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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898. An online tour is at [https://www.avvolti.org/en/ Avvolti]]]

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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898. An online tour is at [https://www.avvolti.org/en/ Avvolti]]

<center>''A million-dollar offer to replicate the Shroud's image is uncollected.''<ref>https://www.detroitcatholic.com/news/1-million-challenge-to-replicate-shroud-of-turin-is-expanded-to-u-s</ref></center>

The '''Shroud of Turin''' (in Italian, ''la Sacra Sindone'') is the most-studied artifact in the history of the world. It is a burial cloth 14.5 feet long by 4 feet wide, having attributes from the time and place of [[Jesus Christ]]. It has 372 blood stains and a perfect 3-dimensional image, including internal flesh and bones, of a [[Crucifixion|crucified]] man.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xxiR37eUt8 The TRUTH About the Shroud of Turin w/Fr. Robert Spitzer | Chris Stefanick Show] Scientific study exceeding 600,000 hours reinforces its authenticity. [https://mycharisma.com/culture/new-evidence-for-shroud-of-turin-expert-says-its-beyond-all-doubt/ New Evidence for Shroud of Turin: Expert Says It’s ‘Beyond All Doubt’], CBN News, 2025, citing [[New Testament]] scholar Jeremiah J. Johnston.</ref> Unable to replicate this, [[liberal denial]] resorts to implausible conspiracy theories.

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'''''This image is a photographic negative, indicating there was a flash of light at the [[Resurrection]] -- like the flash of light at [[conception]]'''''.<ref>"The Shroud of Turin is a negative image." [https://www.shroud.com/piczek3.htm]</ref> This image formed after the blood (type AB) staining. [[Forensic]] [[evidence]] indicates that this image is of man [[scourge]]d and crucified, and yet (as described of Jesus in the [[Bible]]) without breaking the victim's legs as typically done to expedite a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] execution.<ref name="Forensics">http://www.shroudstory.com/forensics.htm</ref> The image is scientifically precise in ways unknown to medieval forgers; the thumbs are not visible because the nails were through the wrists,<ref name="BBC"/> not through the hands as all artists (and any forger would have) portrayed this until the 20th century<ref name="Forensics"/> and as mistranslated in the [[Bible]].<ref>In {{bibleref|John|20|27}}, the Greek term χερσὶν (chersin) actually includes "wrists", not merely hands. [[Strong's]] narrow definition is incomplete, and at {{bibleref|Acts|12|7|version=NIV}} the same term must mean "wrists" because chains fell off them. [https://biblehub.com/greek/5495.htm]</ref> The disciples on the [[Road to Emmaus]] did not notice any wounds in Jesus's hands, which further suggests the nail wounds were in his wrists.

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'''''This image is a photographic negative, indicating there was a flash of light at the [[Resurrection]] -- like the flash of light at [[conception]]'''''.<ref>"The Shroud of Turin is a negative image." [https://www.shroud.com/piczek3.htm]</ref> This image formed after the blood (type AB) staining. [[Forensic]] [[evidence]] indicates that this image is of man [[scourge]] and crucified, and yet (as described of Jesus in the [[Bible]]) without breaking the victim's legs as typically done to expedite a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] execution.<ref name="Forensics">http://www.shroudstory.com/forensics.htm</ref> The image is scientifically precise in ways unknown to medieval forgers; the thumbs are not visible because the nails were through the wrists,<ref name="BBC"/> not through the hands as all artists (and any forger would have) portrayed this until the 20th century<ref name="Forensics"/> and as mistranslated in the [[Bible]].<ref>In {{bibleref|John|20|27}}, the Greek term χερσὶν (chersin) actually includes "wrists", not merely hands. [[Strong's]] narrow definition is incomplete, and at {{bibleref|Acts|12|7|version=NIV}} the same term must mean "wrists" because chains fell off them. [https://biblehub.com/greek/5495.htm]</ref> The disciples on the [[Road to Emmaus]] did not notice any wounds in Jesus's hands, which further suggests the nail wounds were in his wrists.

The Shroud of Turin Research Project was led by "35 physicists, chemists, NASA image specialists, electrical engineers, a forensic pathologist,"<ref name="AMAC">https://amac.us/newsline/lifestyle/the-shroud-of-turin-gods-gift-to-all-people/</ref> concluding that:

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An [[agnostic]] [[British]] scholar studied the Shroud and concluded in his book, ''The Sign'' (2012), that the Shroud is authentic and was even the basis of [[disciples]]' acceptance of the [[Resurrection]].<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9162459/Mystery-solved-Turin-Shroud-linked-to-Resurrection-of-Christ.html</ref> The Shroud has caused some [[agnostic]] or [[Atheism|atheist]] [[scientist]]s to convert to [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/mrinobnf.pdf]</ref> Other scientists, who have not converted, still consider the Shroud to be the authentic burial cloth for [[Jesus Christ]]. Some refer to the Shroud as the "Fifth [[the Gospels|Gospel]]."

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Today the Shroud is in the Cathedral of Saint [[John the Baptist]] in [[Turin]], [[Italy]],<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref> ~~its~~ same location since 1578.<ref>In 1578 the Shroud was moved by the House of Savoy to Turin from Chambery [https://www.thetravel.com/where-is-the-shroud-of-turin/].</ref> In January 2023 it went on public display for the first time in a decade.<ref name="BBC">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8612315.stm</ref>

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Today the Shroud is in the Cathedral of Saint [[John the Baptist]] in [[Turin]], [[Italy]],<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref> Its same location since 1578.<ref>In 1578 the Shroud was moved by the House of Savoy to Turin from Chambery [https://www.thetravel.com/where-is-the-shroud-of-turin/].</ref> In January 2023 it went on public display for the first time in a decade.<ref name="BBC">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8612315.stm</ref>

==Proof of authenticity==

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==Description==

[[File:Shroud pos-neg.jpg|left|500px|thumb|The full-length Shroud, seen in positive (top) and in its negative (bottom).]]

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The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of fine [[linen]] cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum ~~usitatisismum~~''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref> Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" to 6'1".<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref> He is rather powerfully built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features. The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end brought over the head to cover the body. On either side of the image is a series of triangular patches, covering much of the damage from a fire that took place in 1532.

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The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of fine [[linen]] cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum usitatissimum''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref> Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" and 6'1".<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref> He is rather powerfully built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features. The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end brought over the head to cover the body. On either side of the image is a series of triangular patches, covering much of the damage from a fire that took place in 1532.

The image of the body shows a man who had died a violent death. Upon both front and back are dumbbell-shaped markings; approximately 140 such marks were applied upon the back, chest, and legs. Roman soldiers involved in "[[Scourge|scourging]]" as a form of punishment for offenders employed a whip called a "[[flagrum]]",<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/terms/flagrum.htm]</ref> which was studded with either bone or lead knobs, and when used it tore into flesh and muscle.

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The wrists and feet bear large bloodstains consistent with historical descriptions of [[crucifixion]]. The feet themselves are placed one on top of the other within the image; both front and dorsal images display a single large bloodstain, indicating one nail was driven through both feet upon the cross. The left wrist likewise displays a large bloodstain; however, the left hand covers the right, preventing a view of the wound there. Blood flows are present on both lower arms, displayed to flow in a direction as if the victim were hanging on a cross. A single large bloodstain is also present on the right side of the chest - nearly obliterated by the 1532 burn damage - and appears to have been mixed with a clear liquid from the body. Blood stains are also present on the [[scalp]], and the marks of a severe beating are evident on the face.

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The Shroud contains blood stains consisting of human male [[DNA]], and a [[blood type]] that is AB - the same rare blood type<ref>Less than 5% of Europeans have AB blood type.</ref> found on the [[Sudarium of Oviedo|face covering for Jesus]] preserved in Spain,<ref name="Oviedo">The [[Shroud of Oviedo]].</ref> and the same rare blood type common in "68 skeletons of Jewish residents from 1,600 to 2,000 years ago in and around [[Jerusalem]]."<ref>http://www.rhesusnegative.net/staynegative/blood-types-ancient-hebrews/</ref> The height of the man was between 5'9" and 5'11"; his weight, 168-180 pounds; his age, between 30 and 45 years old.<ref>[https://www.shroud.com/meacham2.htm Excellent scientific article about the Shroud]</ref> Coins visible only to modern technology had been placed over the man's eyes, an ancient Roman tradition not known to historians until modern archaeological excavations revealed the practice.<ref>Coins over the eyes were particularly necessary to keep the eyes shut if the person died with his eyes open.</ref> The coin over the right eye was minted by [[Pontius Pilate]], and the coin over the left eye was minted only in A.D. 29, merely a few years before the estimated date of the [[Crucifixion]].<ref name="Coins">http://www.shroudstory.com/faq-coins.htm</ref> The angle of the man's arms during the [[crucifixion]] can be inferred from the flow of blood seen on the Shroud: 65° for one arm; 55° for the other. The cloth was a finely woven linen that would have been available to a wealthy man as described in the [[Gospels]], and was cut from the same fabric containing the same pollen as the face covering preserved separately in Spain.<ref name="Oviedo"/>

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The Shroud contains blood stains consisting of human male [[DNA]], and a [[blood type]] that is AB - the same rare blood type<ref>Less than 5% of Europeans have AB blood type.</ref> found on the [[Sudarium of Oviedo|face covering for Jesus]] preserved in Spain,<ref name="Oviedo">The [[Shroud of Oviedo]].</ref> and the same rare blood type common in "68 skeletons of Jewish residents from 1,600 to 2,000 years ago in and around [[Jerusalem]]."<ref>http://www.rhesusnegative.net/staynegative/blood-types-ancient-hebrews/</ref> The height of the man was between 5'9" and 5'11"; his weight, 168-180 pounds; his age, between 30 and 45 years old.<ref>[https://www.shroud.com/meacham2.htm Excellent scientific article about the Shroud]</ref> Coins visible only to modern technology had been placed over the man's eyes, an ancient Roman tradition not known to historians until modern archaeological excavations revealed the practice.<ref>Coins over the eyes were particularly necessary to keep the eyes shut if the person died with his eyes open.</ref>

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The coin over the right eye was minted by [[Pontius Pilate]], and the coin over the left eye was minted only in A.D. 29, merely a few years before the estimated date of the [[Crucifixion]].<ref name="Coins">http://www.shroudstory.com/faq-coins.htm</ref> The angle of the man's arms during the [[crucifixion]] can be inferred from the flow of blood seen on the Shroud: 65° for one arm; 55° for the other. The cloth was a finely woven linen that would have been available to a wealthy man as described in the [[Gospels]], and was cut from the same fabric containing the same pollen as the face covering preserved separately in Spain.<ref name="Oviedo"/>

== DNA Testing ==

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Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what [[Pliny the Elder]] reported from his time," about A.D. 70. "It's a shroud from the right time ...," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref> As a miracle, the Shroud could be a gift from [[God]] at any time, but there is no record of someone suddenly discovering it, say, in the [[Middle Ages]].

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The most advanced technique, Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), is non-invasive and was used in research published in 2022 to analyze structural degradation of the Shroud’s cellulose fibers. This "focuses on the breakdown of cellulose chains, a process that accelerates with time and environmental conditions, making it a potentially more accurate dating method than radiocarbon dating for ancient textiles. ... [T]he degradation observed in the Shroud’s fibers suggests it is far older than the results of the radiocarbon tests indicated,"<ref name="WAXS">https://www.timothyedmoore.com/groundbreaking-research-suggests-shroud-of-turin-could-be-2000-years-old/</ref> '''''consistent with an age of about 2,000 years'''''. "[I]f the Shroud were only seven centuries old, it would have required consistent exposure to temperatures far higher than those found in its known history to reach the observed state of cellulose degradation."<ref name="WAXS"/> Similarly, an analysis of the vanilla loss on the Shroud "suggests that the shroud is between 1300 and 3000 years old."<ref name="Vanilla">https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/01/26/1289491.htm#:~:text=Microchemistry%20reveals%20a%20different%20date,%2C%22%20D'Muhala%20says.</ref>

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The most advanced technique, Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), is non-invasive and was used in research published in 2022 to analyze structural degradation of the Shroud’s cellulose fibers. This "focuses on the breakdown of cellulose chains, a process that accelerates with time and environmental conditions, making it a potentially more accurate dating method than radiocarbon dating for ancient textiles. ... [T]he degradation observed in the Shroud’s fibers suggests it is far older than the results of the radiocarbon tests indicated,"<ref name="WAXS">https://www.timothyedmoore.com/groundbreaking-research-suggests-shroud-of-turin-could-be-2000-years-old/</ref> is '''''consistent with an age of about 2,000 years'''''. "[I]f the Shroud were only seven centuries old, it would have required consistent exposure to temperatures far higher than those found in its known history to reach the observed state of cellulose degradation."<ref name="WAXS"/> Similarly, an analysis of the vanilla loss on the Shroud "suggests that the shroud is between 1300 and 3000 years old."<ref name="Vanilla">https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/01/26/1289491.htm#:~:text=Microchemistry%20reveals%20a%20different%20date,%2C%22%20D'Muhala%20says.</ref>

Invasive radiocarbon dating of the Shroud is subject to several inherent uncertainties: the probability that the sample was taken from the original cloth rather than a patch, the probability that the miracle did not undermine the assumptions of radiocarbon dating, and the probability that centuries of mold, bacteria and fungi, and the 1532 fire (and drenching the Shroud to save it) that damaged the Shroud, did not distort the dating. If each of these probabilities is roughly 50%, then the chance of radiocarbon dating of the Shroud being accurate is only (1/2)<sup>3</sup> = 12.5%.

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More generally, [[carbon dating]] provides less accurate results compared with other techniques for dating artifacts, as demonstrated by multiple failures in carbon dating of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]. In addition, many materials cannot be reliably carbon-dated, such as marine shells, due to background effects.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440309003306#:~:text=C%20dates%20on%20marine%20shells,known%2C%20the%20knowledge%20of%20its</ref>

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Finally, dating the cloth is of limited significance in analyzing a potential [[miracle]], which [[logic]]~~ally~~ could have happened (and still could) at any time. A miraculous imprint of an image could have slowed ordinary decay on which carbon dating is based, so it is flawed [[circular logic]] to try to determine by carbon dating whether the shroud is miraculous.

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Finally, dating the cloth is of limited significance in analyzing a potential [[miracle]], which [[logic]] could have happened (and still could) at any time. A miraculous imprint of an image could have slowed ordinary decay on which carbon dating is based, so it is flawed [[circular logic]] to try to determine by carbon dating whether the shroud is miraculous.

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~~==History==~~

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Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the [[Resurrection]] ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of [[Constantinople]] in 1204; and the second period from about 1349 to present. The first version is based largely on circumstantial evidence.

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==History==Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the [[Resurrection]] ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of [[Constantinople]] in 1204; and the second period from about 1349 to the present. The first version is based largely on circumstantial evidence.

===Comparison with Other Historical Items===

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===First Period: A.D. 33 to 1204===

====Gospels====

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The ''[[Gospel of John]]'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", a small head wrap that may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain.<ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>

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The ''[[Gospel of John]]'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", is a small head wrap that may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain.<ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>

:''On the first day of the week, [[Mary Magdalene]] came early, while it was still dark, to the tomb, and saw that the stone had been taken away from the tomb.

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====Image of Edessa/Mandylion====

[[File:Image of Edessa.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The Image of Edessa, the "All-Merciful Savior" flag with which Czar [[Ivan IV]]'s troops went to [[Kazan]] in 1552.]]

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According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted with an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him;<ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref> according to variants of this story King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses."<ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref> Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.

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According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted with an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him;<ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref> and, according to variants of this story, King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses."<ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref> Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.

The Mandylion would surface again around 525 when Edessa was flooded by the Daisan River. Workmen repairing one of the city's gates discovered a niche with the cloth inside; the mandylion was declared to be ''Acheiropoietos'' (Greek: Αχειροποίητος), "not made by hands", meaning that it was a miraculous image created supernaturally and not by man. The Mandylion stayed in Edessa as a means of protection for the city from harm until forcibly taken to [[Constantinople]] in 944, where it was received with great fanfare by Emperor Romanus I. Placed within the church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, it stayed there as a Christian relic until disappearing in the sack of the city during the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204. One of the knights who participated in the sacking of Constantinople, Robert de Clari, left a detailed letter of what he observed at the time, and he referred to this relic as being more than a facial image:

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====Geoffroi de Charney====

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Geoffroi de Charney was a French knight, the Preceptor of Normandy for the [[Knights Templar]], who was executed by burning at the stake in 1314. His crimes are disputed, but during that time there was a backlash directed against the Templars; the King of France apparently either feared the power they wielded, or coveted their hidden wealth. But to march against them it was necessary to have the Pope (Clement V) declare them heretics, based on their alleged worship of a "bearded head"; in one account (1287), a French applicant named Arnaut Sabbatier was taken into a "a secret place to which only the brothers of the Temple had access" where he was instructed to venerate the image of a man on a long linen cloth.<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article6040521.ece</ref>

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Geoffroi de Charney was a French knight, the Preceptor of Normandy for the [[Knights Templar]], who was executed by burning at the stake in 1314. His crimes are disputed, but during that time there was a backlash directed against the Templars; the King of France apparently either feared the power they wielded, or coveted their hidden wealth. But to march against them it was necessary to have the Pope (Clement V) declare them heretics, based on their alleged worship of a "bearded head"; and, in one account (1287), a French applicant named Arnaut Sabbatier was taken into a "a secret place to which only the brothers of the Temple had access" where he was instructed to venerate the image of a man on a long linen cloth.<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article6040521.ece</ref>

Little is known of Geoffroi de Charney. He participated in the sack of Constantinople in 1204, and may have been a witness with Robert de Clari when he first saw the shroud at the Blachernae Church. He certainly could have been well-placed to have taken the Shroud back to France for veneration. On March 19, 1314, he was burned at the stake, along with the leader of his order.<ref>141.—Stemler, Contingent zur Geschichte der Tcmplcr, pp. 20-1.—Raynouard,pp. 213-4, 233-5.—Wilcke, II. 236, 240.—Anton, Vcrsuch, p. 142</ref><ref>A History of the Inquisition of the [[Middle Ages]], Vol III by Henry Charles Lea, NY: Hamper & Bros, Franklin Sq. 1888 p.324. Not in copyright.</ref>

===Second Period: 1349 to present===

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In 1389 the French Bishop of Troyes, Pierre D'Arcis, wrote a letter to the Pope (Antipope Clement VII) detailing his complaints of a shroud "...upon which the whole likeness of the Saviour had remained thus impressed together with the wounds which He bore" was being exhibited at nearby Lirey; he further stated to the Pope of his belief that the shroud was a fraud, having found "[a man] procured for his church a certain cloth cunningly painted, upon which by a clever sleight of hand was depicted the twofold image of one man… falsely declaring and pretending that this was the actual shroud in which our Savior Jesus Christ was enfolded in the tomb." D'Arcis' predecessor, Henri de Poitiers, likewise was in a similar situation 35 years before, but did not launch an investigation into the matter; in his time he had concerns that the knight Geoffrey de Charny - who had just built the church at Lirey - was passing the relic off as the real shroud of the Lord. Whether or not de Charny was questioned about it is conjecture; he was killed in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. Also undetermined is his relationship with the earlier Templar knight. But the one thing that is certain is de Charny is the first documented owner of the Shroud.

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In 1389 the French Bishop of Troyes, Pierre D'Arcis, wrote a letter to the Pope (Antipope Clement VII) detailing his complaints that a shroud "...upon which the whole likeness of the Saviour had remained thus impressed together with the wounds which He bore" was being exhibited at nearby Lirey; he further stated to the Pope of his belief that the shroud was a fraud, having found "[a man] procured for his church a certain cloth cunningly painted, upon which by a clever sleight of hand was depicted the twofold image of one man… falsely declaring and pretending that this was the actual shroud in which our Savior Jesus Christ was enfolded in the tomb." D'Arcis' predecessor, Henri de Poitiers, likewise was in a similar situation 35 years before, but did not launch an investigation into the matter; in his time he had concerns that the knight Geoffrey de Charny - who had just built the church at Lirey - was passing the relic off as the real shroud of the Lord. Whether or not de Charny was questioned about it is conjecture; he was killed in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. Also undetermined is his relationship with the earlier Templar knight. But the one thing that is certain is that de Charny is the first documented owner of the Shroud.

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His church at Lirey continued to exhibit the Shroud despite Bishop D'~~Arsis~~ and those within the Church demanding that it cease displaying a "false relic," as they claimed. The Church would eventually - grudgingly - allow the exhibitions to continue, provided that they billed the cloth as a "representation" of Christ, and not the true burial shroud. A century after his death the Shroud was sold to the Savoy family of Italy, who had it brought to Turin where it resided ever since.<ref>http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/geoffrey.htm</ref> It was willed in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.

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His church at Lirey continued to exhibit the Shroud despite Bishop D'Arcis and those within the Church demanding that it cease displaying a "false relic," as they claimed. The Church would eventually - grudgingly - allow the exhibitions to continue, provided that they billed the cloth as a "representation" of Christ, and not the true burial shroud. A century after his death, the Shroud was sold to the Savoy family of Italy, who had it brought to Turin where it has resided ever since.<ref>http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/geoffrey.htm</ref> It was willed in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.

== The Lamb ==

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*[[Mystery:Did Jesus Write the Epistle to the Hebrews?]]

*[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf Sermon of Gregory Referendarius, Archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, August, 944]

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*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]

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*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]*[https://triablogue.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-1982-carbon-dating-of-shroud-of.html Analysis of the 1982 carbon dating of the Shroud]

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*[https://triablogue.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-1982-carbon-dating-of-shroud-of.html Analysis of the 1982 carbon dating of the Shroud]

*[http://www.shroud.com/faq.htm FAQs about the Shroud]

*[https://denvercatholic.org/mounting-evidence-for-the-shroud-of-turins-authenticity/ Turin Shroud Center of Colorado, which has hosted an exhibit at St. Gabriel’s Church in Colorado Springs]

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== External links ==

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*~~[A free online tour is at~~ [https://www.avvolti.org/en/ detailed online tour at Avvolti (link for the explanations in English is provided]

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*[https://www.avvolti.org/en/ A free detailed online tour at Avvolti (link for the explanations in English is provided)]

*[https://www.shroud.com/latebrak.htm#:~:text=FB%20posting%20by%20sindonologist,by%20the%20available%20evidence The Cumulative Probability of the Shroud of Turin's Authenticity] by [[Sindonologist Otangelo Grasso]], September 28, 2024

*[https://shroudencounter.com/what-is-the-shroud-of-turin/ What is the Shroud?] by [[Shroud Encounter]], 2022

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*[https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Giulio-Fanti-2216677126 Giulio Fanti’s research] by [[Associate Professor Scientist, Giulio Fanti]], 2025

*[https://www.signfromgod.org/shroud_of_turin_facts Shroud of Turin Facts] by [[The Sign From God Board of Directors - Myra Kahn Adams, Russ Breault, David Adams, Mark Antonacci & Joe Marino]], 2025

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*[https://www.mercatornet.com/new_research_shows_that_the_carbon_dating_of_the_shroud_is_fake New research shows that the carbon dating of the Shroud ~~of Turin~~ is fake] by [[William West]], January 14, 2025

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*[https://www.mercatornet.com/new_research_shows_that_the_carbon_dating_of_the_shroud_is_fake New research shows that the carbon dating of the Shroud is fake] by [[William West]], January 14, 2025

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*[https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/article-860551 Study: Body image on Shroud of Turin best explained by a burst of radiation] by [[Professor Emeritus the highest honorary titles a scientist, Thomas McAvoy, SciencePG]]], June 10, 2025

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*[https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/article-860551 Study: Body image on Shroud of Turin best explained by a burst of radiation] by [[Professor Emeritus the highest honorary titles a scientist, Thomas McAvoy, SciencePG]], June 10, 2025

*[https://sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10.11648/j.ija.20251301.17 Artificial Intelligence Analysis of Images of the Shroud of Turin] by [[Professor Emeritus the highest honorary titles a scientist, Thomas McAvoy, SciencePG]], June 18, 2025

*[https://www.theblaze.com/align/shroud-of-turin-debunked-not-even-close-heres-the-truth Shroud of Turin debunked? Not even close — here's the truth] by [[Jeremiah J. Johnston]], August 5, 2025

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'''Video''':

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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAbuG-oVq1Q New Evidence for the Shroud of Turin w/ Fr. Andrew Dalton], video

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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAbuG-oVq1Q New Evidence for the Shroud of Turin w/ Fr. Andrew Dalton] video

*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iU3kFZN5s0A Video by Oxford PhD, mentioning the Shroud and also a cup from the middle of the 1st century A.D.]

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