Changes

Architecture (view source)

Revision as of 00:18, November 3, 2026

9 bytes removed , 00:18

improved Architecture

Line 1: Line 1:

[[Image:Bellas_Artes.jpg|thumb|250px|The Fine Arts Palace, [[Mexico]].]]

−

'''Architecture''' (from Latin ''architura'', and that from Greek αρχιτεκτονική, architektoniki) is the art and science of constructing the built environment. The discipline that deals with the design, construction and ornamentation of fine buildings. [[Famous Cathedrals]] display some of the finest architecture ever.

+

'''Architecture''' (from Latin ''architura'', and that from Greek αρχιτεκτονική, architektoniki) is the art and science of constructing the built environment: The discipline that deals with the design, construction and ornamentation of fine buildings. [[Famous Cathedrals]] display some of the finest architecture ever.

''"Architecture has recorded the great ideas of the human race. Not only every religious symbol, but every human thought has its page in that vast book."'' - [[Victor Hugo]]<ref>https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/victor_hugo_131134</ref>

Line 7: Line 7:

<ref>Ralph Waldo Emerson: [http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/essays/art.html Thought on Art]</ref>

−

Architectural types and styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time periods, contexts, region, climates, etc.<ref>[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of Architectural Types]</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary defines architectural style as, "A definite type of architecture distinguished by special characteristics of structure and ornament"... ''The language of ornament employed throughout a building frequently identifies the architecture of a particular period.'' <ref>[http://www.wbdg.org/resources/style.php Style] by Phoebe Crisman, Assistant Professor,

+

Architectural types and styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time periods, contexts, region, climates, etc.<ref>[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of Architectural Types]</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary defines architectural style as "A definite type of architecture distinguished by special characteristics of structure and ornament"... ''The language of ornament employed throughout a building frequently identifies the architecture of a particular period.'' <ref>[http://www.wbdg.org/resources/style.php Style] by Phoebe Crisman, Assistant Professor,

University of Virginia, School of Architecture.

</ref> Terms like Balustrade, Column, [[Cupola]], Entablature, Façade, Gothic arch, Jamb, [[Masonry]], Portico, Volute, or Wattle, are typical of this architectural profession.

Line 13: Line 13:

[[Image:The High Museum of Art in Atlanta.jpg|thumb|The High [[Museum]] of Art in [[Atlanta]].]]

[[Image:Basilica of the annunciation.jpg|thumb|240px|Basilica of the Annunciation, [[Nazareth]].]]

−

Architects are those who ~~engages~~ in the profession of architecture. Many of them ~~along~~ history have achieved notable success leaving outstanding works. Using the technology available and suitable materials like [[wood]], stone or [[marble]], glass, [[cement]], [[steel]], or pre-stressed concrete, architects have enhanced our environment. In the following periods some of ~~this~~ works or cultural symbols will be presented.

+

Architects are those who engage in the profession of architecture. Many of them throughout history have achieved notable success leaving outstanding works. Using the technology available and suitable materials like [[wood]], stone or [[marble]], glass, [[cement]], [[steel]], or pre-stressed concrete, architects have enhanced our environment. In the following periods some of these works or cultural symbols will be presented.

Line 37: Line 37:

[[Image:Parthenon.jpg|thumb|The Parthenon.]]

[[Image:Sup.jpg|left|The Supreme Court.]]

−

[[Greek architecture]] arose on the shores of the [[Aegean Sea]] and flourished in the ancient world. The most important works of Greek architecture were produced between 700 BC and 146 BC. Architects Callicrates, Mnesicles, and Ictinus flourished, and the [[Parthenon]] (Its most famous monument) and other great works were produced. The Parthenon was built using the golden proportion (0.618 : 1) by Ictinus, Callicrates and Phidias, ca. 440 BC.; there is a replica of it at Nashville, [[Tennessee]]. Another piece of Greek architecture was the magnificent Temple of [[Artemis]] at Ephesus, one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]; Paeonius and Demetrios were the architects of this temple in ca. 250 BC. The Temple of [[Nike]] by Callicrates, ca. 420 BC., was the earliest Ionic building on the [[Acropolis]].

+

[[Greek architecture]] arose on the shores of the [[Aegean Sea]] and flourished in the ancient world. The most important works of Greek architecture were produced between 700 BC and 146 BC. Architects Callicrates, Mnesicles, and Ictinus flourished, and the [[Parthenon]] (Its most famous monument) and other great works were produced. The Parthenon was built using the golden proportion (0.618 : 1) by Ictinus, Callicrates and Phidias, ca. 440 BC; there is a replica of it at Nashville, [[Tennessee]]. Another piece of Greek architecture was the magnificent Temple of [[Artemis]] at Ephesus, one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]; Paeonius and Demetrios were the architects of this temple in ca. 250 BC. The Temple of [[Nike]] by Callicrates, ca. 420 BC, was the earliest Ionic building on the [[Acropolis]].

Greek architecture has a strong influence on [[Greek influence on Western Culture|Western Culture]] even today.

Line 47: Line 47:

{| class="wikitable"

|-

−

| Art in Roman Architecture appears in such varied purposes. ''The Romans were the first people to treat architecture as a minister to the numberless needs of a great nation. Before them, except in the Greek theatres, it had served the gods, the royal families, and the dead, alone.'' [http://www.2020site.org/rome/] Some examples of Roman Architecture are: [[Pantheon, Rome|The Pantheon]] (the best-preserved building in [[Rome]]), [[Colosseum|The Colosseum]], the aqueducts like The Aqua Appia, [[Hadrian's Wall|The Hadrian's Wall]], [[Antonine Wall|The Antonine Wall]], and The Library of Celsus designed by the Roman architect ~~Vitruoya~~ in the Roman city of Ephesus.

+

| Art in Roman Architecture appears in such varied purposes. ''The Romans were the first people to treat architecture as a minister to the numberless needs of a great nation. Before them, except in the Greek theatres, it had served the gods, the royal families, and the dead, alone.'' [http://www.2020site.org/rome/] Some examples of Roman Architecture are: [[Pantheon, Rome|The Pantheon]] (the best-preserved building in [[Rome]]), [[Colosseum|The Colosseum]], the aqueducts like The Aqua Appia, [[Hadrian's Wall|The Hadrian's Wall]], [[Antonine Wall|The Antonine Wall]], and The Library of Celsus designed by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the Roman city of Ephesus.

|}

{{cquote|

Line 53: Line 53:

}}

[[Image:Gerasa Triumphal Arch of Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Triumphal Arch of Hadrian, Gerasa, [[Jordan]].]]

−

One of the featured ~~element~~ of the Roman architecture was the "[[arch]] semicircular". Roman arcades were made with pilasters attached to piers carrying an entablature, or in some cases the ~~arcs~~ are resting directly upon their capitals. The Colosseum and the aqueducts are examples of this technique. Romans also introduced the triumphal arch to celebrate military victories.

+

One of the featured elements of the Roman architecture was the "[[arch]] semicircular". Roman arcades were made with pilasters attached to piers carrying an entablature, or in some cases the arches are resting directly upon their capitals. The Colosseum and the aqueducts are examples of this technique. Romans also introduced the triumphal arch to celebrate military victories.

''The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and the ruined Temple of Peace were the two Roman edifices which indicated the progress of the Romans towards the invention of an architecture distinctively their own. '' <ref>[http://www.2020site.org/rome/romanarch.html Roman Arch and Columns]</ref>

Line 61: Line 61:

== Byzantine architecture ==

−

Byzantine architecture is mainly the characteristic architecture of the [[Byzantine]] Empire. It presents a mixed style, i.e. a style composed of Graeco-Roman and Oriental elements which, in earlier centuries, cannot be clearly separated. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03094a.htm] Byzantine's advancement in developing the dome created a new style in global architecture. Another advancement was the development of basilicas.[http://library.thinkquest.org/C005594/Medieval/byzantine.htm] Byzantine church architecture is concerned almost exclusively with a decorated interior. In interiors, marble and mosaic were used broadly to make a complete lining for a rough carcase and mouldings were replaced by decorative bands formed in the mosaic. [http://www.buffaloah.com/a/archsty/byz/index.html]

+

Byzantine architecture is mainly the characteristic architecture of the [[Byzantine]] Empire. It presents a mixed style, i.e. a style composed of Graeco-Roman and Oriental elements which, in earlier centuries, cannot be clearly separated. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03094a.htm] Byzantine advancement in developing the dome created a new style in global architecture. Another advancement was the development of basilicas.[http://library.thinkquest.org/C005594/Medieval/byzantine.htm] Byzantine church architecture is concerned almost exclusively with a decorated interior. In interiors, marble and mosaic were used broadly to make a complete lining for a rough carcase and mouldings were replaced by decorative bands formed in the mosaic. [http://www.buffaloah.com/a/archsty/byz/index.html]

−

The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare located in Classe, [[Ravenna]], Italy, is known for its exceptional Byzantine mosaics; [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/ravenna-st-apollinare-in-classe] it is an example of Early Byzantine architecture.

+

The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare located in Classe, [[Ravenna]], Italy, is known for its exceptional Byzantine mosaics; [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/ravenna-st-apollinare-in-classe] it is an example of Early Byzantine architecture.

Line 96: Line 96:

[[Image:Burgos Cathedral.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Burgos Cathedral]], [[Spain]]]]

−

[[Gothic architecture]], consisted of taller, perpendicular structures with long windows, pointed arches and "flying buttresses" (stone supports on the outer walls of churches); the pointed spires of this style is said to reflect the desire of people of the Middle Ages to grow closer to [[God]], reaching towards [[heaven]] and away from the earth. Spires were a source of pride for churches, and stressing the limits of architecture resulted in frequent collapses of church buildings - much like miniature [[Tower of Babel|Towers of Babel]]. Tall windows allowed sunlight to illuminate the interior, unlike Romanesque architecture, in which windows were small and interiors were dim. A particularly stunning example of Gothic architecture is the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in [[Paris]], on which construction began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII, and was completed about 200 years later in ~~about~~ 1345. The Notre Dame features a beautiful stained-glass "rose window," which is another distinguishing characteristic of Gothic churches.

+

[[Gothic architecture]], consisted of taller, perpendicular structures with long windows, pointed arches and "flying buttresses" (stone supports on the outer walls of churches); the pointed spires of this style are said to reflect the desire of people of the Middle Ages to grow closer to [[God]], reaching towards [[heaven]] and away from the earth. Spires were a source of pride for churches, and stressing the limits of architecture resulted in frequent collapses of church buildings - much like miniature [[Tower of Babel|Towers of Babel]]. Tall windows allowed sunlight to illuminate the interior, unlike Romanesque architecture, in which windows were small and interiors were dim. A particularly stunning example of Gothic architecture is the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in [[Paris]], on which construction began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII, and was completed about 200 years later, in 1345. The Notre Dame features a beautiful stained-glass "rose window," which is another distinguishing characteristic of Gothic churches.

The Roman arch was followed by the pointed Gothic arch or ogive.

Line 116: Line 116:

== Baroque architecture ==

[[Image:Havana Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Havana Cathedral, [[Cuba]].]]

−

This period goes from 1650 to 1750 AD. The roots of [[Baroque]] architecture were in Italy, and from there it spread to France, England, Spain and America. The ~~ornament~~ elements of this period are presented in more complex ways and imagery.

+

This period goes from 1650 to 1750 AD. The roots of [[Baroque]] architecture were in Italy, and from there it spread to France, England, Spain and America. The ornamental elements of this period are presented in more complex ways and imagery.

[[Image:Church St. Borromeo.jpg|thumb|205px|Church of St. Charles Borromeo at Antwerp, [[Belgium]]]]

−

Some examples of this period are: ''[[:Image:Bernini Piazza and Colonnade.jpg|Piazza of St. Peter's]]'', by [[Gianlorenzo Bernini]], at [[Vatican City]]; ''[[Palace of Versailles|The Palace of Versailles]]'', by Andre Le Notre, Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Charles Le Brun, Robert de Cotte, and Ange-Janques Bagriel, at [[Versailles]], France; ''The Christ Church'', by Nicholas Hawksmoor, at Spitalfields, [[London]], [[England]]; ''The Opera'', by Charles Garnier, at [[Paris]]; ''Church of St. Charles Borromeo'', by Pieter Huyssens, S.J., at Antwerp''; Sant'Andrea al Quirinale'', by Bernini, at Rome, Italy; ''Laurentian Library'', by [[Michelangelo]], at [[Florence]], Italy, and ''Galleria Vittorio Emanuele'', by Giuseppe Mengoni, at [[Milan]], Italy.

+

Some examples of this period are: ''[[:Image:Bernini Piazza and Colonnade.jpg|Piazza of St. Peter's]]'', by [[Gianlorenzo Bernini]], at [[Vatican City]]; ''[[Palace of Versailles|The Palace of Versailles]]'', by Andre Le Notre, Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Charles Le Brun, Robert de Cotte, and Ange-Janques Bagriel, at [[Versailles]], France; ''The Christ Church'', by Nicholas Hawksmoor, at Spitalfields, [[London]], [[England]]; ''The Opera'', by Charles Garnier, at [[Paris]]; ''Church of St. Charles Borromeo'', by Pieter Huyssens, S.J., at Antwerp; ''Sant'Andrea al Quirinale'', by Bernini, at Rome, Italy; ''Laurentian Library'', by [[Michelangelo]], at [[Florence]], Italy, and ''Galleria Vittorio Emanuele'', by Giuseppe Mengoni, at [[Milan]], Italy.

[[Image:Palace of Versailles.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Palace of Versailles, [[France]], both Baroque and Rococo.]]

Line 124: Line 124:

== Rococo, Neoclassical and Federal style ==

[[Image:56eugyjnm.jpg|thumb|180px|The White House by James Hoban]]

−

Baroque led to the exuberant Rococo style. Rococo began in the eighteenth century at [[Versailles]] ~~like~~ an art of exquisite refinement, graceful and ~~linearity~~. Architects like Robert de Cotte, Gilles Marie Oppenord, and Jacques Ange Gabriel were representative of this style. Later, in the mid-18th century, Neoclassical architecture began as a reaction against the Rococo ornament. It was inspired in the architecture of Classical Greece. In [[United States of America|America]], Neoclassical architecture ~~conducted~~ to Federal style. ''[[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Latrobe, and others derived their building style more directly from [[Andrea Palladio|Palladio]].'' <ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761578082__1/Architecture.html Architecture]</ref>

+

Baroque led to the exuberant Rococo style. Rococo began in the eighteenth century at [[Versailles]] as an art of exquisite refinement, graceful and linear. Architects like Robert de Cotte, Gilles Marie Oppenord, and Jacques Ange Gabriel were representative of this style. Later, in the mid-18th century, Neoclassical architecture began as a reaction against the Rococo ornament. It was inspired by the architecture of Classical Greece. In [[United States of America|America]], Neoclassical architecture led to the Federal style. ''[[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Latrobe, and others derived their building style more directly from [[Andrea Palladio|Palladio]].'' <ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761578082__1/Architecture.html Architecture]</ref>

Line 138: Line 138:

[[Image:CCTV building en Beijing.jpg|thumb|left|CCTV building, [[Beijing]], [[China]].]]

−

In this period several styles have appeared, like: Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, Expressionism, Neo-expressionism, Structuralism, Postmodernism, [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalism]], International Style, [[Brutalism]] and The [[Bauhaus school]]. (Bauhaus is a term coined by [[Architect]] [[Walter Gropius]] and means ''house for building'').

+

In this period several styles have appeared, like: Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, Expressionism, Neo-expressionism, Structuralism, Postmodernism, [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalism]], International Style, [[Brutalism]] and The [[Bauhaus school]]. (Bauhaus is a term coined by [[Architect]] [[Walter Gropius]] and means ''house for building'').

[[Image:Villa Tugendhat Van der Rohe.jpg|thumb|220px|Villa Tugendhat, a [[World Heritage Site]], by Ludwig Van der Rohe, [[Czech Republic]].]]

Line 186: Line 186:

== Oriental architecture ==

−

The styles of Oriental architecture have their own characteristics but the interrelation with Western-style architecture has been important. Countries like [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[India]] present wonderful examples of this [[art]], so rich in symbolism.

+

The styles of Oriental architecture have their own characteristics but the interrelation with Western-style architecture has been important. Countries like [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[India]] present wonderful examples of this [[art]], so rich in symbolism.

RoadtoEmmaus2

apieditor, Automoderated users, edit, ratelimit-exempt

771

edits