| − | In ''Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder'', 425 U.S. 185 (1976), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that to establish liability under the [[securities]] laws, § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, a private [[plaintiff]] must prove that the defendant acted with scienter, "a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud." ''Id.'' at 193-194, and n. 12. | + | In ''Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder'', 425 U.S. 185 (1976), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that to establish liability under the [[securities]] laws, § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, a private [[plaintiff]] must prove that the defendant acted with scienter, "a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud." ''Id.'' at 193-194, and n. 12. The Court reversed a judgment based on evidence that lacked this proof. |