Changes

==Organization and influence on public and policymaking==

==Organization and influence on public and policymaking==

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Nètherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''. The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by Dr. Edward C. Carter in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''. The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by Dr. Edward C. Carter in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref> Soviet Russia Today, May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field a commission in Army Intelligence.

the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref> Soviet Russia Today, May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field a commission in Army Intelligence.

To promote greater knowledge of the Far East, the IPR established a large research program, which was supported financially by grants from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Corporation]], and other major corporations. Prof Quigley states there is considerable truth in the contention that the American experts on China were organized into an  interlocking group of a [[Leftish]] character. It is also true that this group, from its control of funds, academic recommendations, and research of publication opportunities, could favor persons who accepted their consensus and could injure, financial or in professional advancement, persons who did not. And this group, by its influence on book reviewing in the ''[[New York Times]]'', the ''Herald Tribune'' and the ''Saturday Review'', a few magazines and professional journals, could advance or hamper any specialist's career. Porfessor Quigley goes on to state it is true these things were done in the United States by the Institute of Pacific Relations, that this organization had been [[infiltrate]]d by Communists and Communist sympathizers, and that much of this group's influence arose from its access and control over the flow of funds from financial foundations to scholarly activities.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

To promote greater knowledge of the Far East, the IPR established a large research program, which was supported financially by grants from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Corporation]], and other major corporations. Prof Quigley states there is considerable truth in the contention that the American experts on China were organized into an  interlocking group of a [[Leftish]] character. It is also true that this group, from its control of funds, academic recommendations, and research of publication opportunities, could favor persons who accepted their consensus and could injure, financial or in professional advancement, persons who did not. And this group, by its influence on book reviewing in the ''[[New York Times]]'', the ''Herald Tribune'' and the ''Saturday Review'', a few magazines and professional journals, could advance or hamper any specialist's career. Professor Quigley goes on to state it is true these things were done in the United States by the Institute of Pacific Relations, that this organization had been [[infiltrate]]d by Communists and Communist sympathizers, and that much of this group's influence arose from its access and control over the flow of funds from financial foundations to scholarly activities.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

[[Mary Van Kleeck]] espoused the official Soviet version in 1938 of the [[Great purge]] in IPR's ''Pacific Affairs''. Owen Lattimore defended the [[show trial]]s in Moscow in the same publication as "an evidence of democracy."<ref>''Pacific Affairs'', September, 1938.</ref>  

[[Mary Van Kleeck]] espoused the official Soviet version in 1938 of the [[Great purge]] in IPR's ''Pacific Affairs''. Owen Lattimore defended the [[show trial]]s in Moscow in the same publication as "an evidence of democracy."<ref>''Pacific Affairs'', September, 1938.</ref>  

==OWI disinformation==

==OWI disinformation==

When, on June 15 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed Joseph Barnes<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Moaist forces as the "democratic China."  The disinformation was widely repeated among journalists and academics.  In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States.  <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

When, on June 15 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed Joseph Barnes<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  The disinformation was widely repeated among journalists and academics.  In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States.  <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

=="agrarian reformers"==

=="agrarian reformers"==

IPR was linked closely with the ''[[Amerasia]]'' publication, sharing writers, offices, and a general policy view, and appeared to mirror the United States Department of State in matters pertaining Asian policy.

IPR was linked closely with the ''[[Amerasia]]'' publication, sharing writers, offices, and a general policy view, and appeared to mirror the United States Department of State in matters pertaining Asian policy.

Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]]. McCarthy observed [[Frederick V. Field]], [[T.A. Bisson]], Owen Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the [[Communist Party of China]]. John Carter Vincent, John Service, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Daviesall had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese governmemnt.

Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]]. McCarthy observed [[Frederick V. Field]], [[T.A. Bisson]], and Owen Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the [[Communist Party of China]]. John Carter Vincent, John Service, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Daviesall had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese government.

==SISS investigation==

==SISS investigation==

In the final report the SISS stated:

In the final report the SISS stated:

:''"The IPR itself was like a specialized political flypaper in its attractive power for Communists. . . . British Communists like [[Michael Greenberg]], Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley or Anthony Jenkinson; Chinese Communists like Chi Chao-ting, Chen Han-seng, Chu Tong, Y.Y. Hsu; German Communists like Hans Moeller (Asiaticus) or Guenther Stein; Japanese Communists (and espionage agents) like Saionji and Ozaki (Hozumi); United States Communists like James S. Allen, Frederick V. Field, William M. Mandel, Harriet Moore, Lawrence Rosinger, and Alger Hiss.

:''"The IPR itself was like specialized political flypaper in its attractive power for Communists. . . . British Communists like [[Michael Greenberg]], Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley or Anthony Jenkinson; Chinese Communists like Chi Chao-ting, Chen Han-seng, Chu Tong, Y.Y. Hsu; German Communists like Hans Moeller (Asiaticus) or Guenther Stein; Japanese Communists (and espionage agents) like Saionji and Ozaki (Hozumi); United States Communists like James S. Allen, Frederick V. Field, William M. Mandel, Harriet Moore, [[Lawrence Rosinger]], and Alger Hiss.

:''"Indeed, the difficulty with the IPR from the Communist point of view was that it was too stuffed with Communists, too compromised by its Communist connections. [[Elizabeth Bentley]] testified that her superior in the [[CPUSA#Secret_apparatus|Soviet espionage apparatus]], [[Jacob Golos]], warned her away from the IPR because ‘it was as red as a rose, and you shouldn’t touch it with a 10-foot pole.’ "

:''"Indeed, the difficulty with the IPR from the Communist point of view was that it was too stuffed with Communists, too compromised by its Communist connections. [[Elizabeth Bentley]] testified that her superior in the [[CPUSA#Secret_apparatus|Soviet espionage apparatus]], [[Jacob Golos]], warned her away from the IPR because ‘it was as red as a rose, and you shouldn’t touch it with a 10-foot pole.’ "