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'''Latinos''' are Mexicans and other [[Hispanics]] in the United States from 1846 to the present.  By 2005 the Latino population reached 41.3 million, of whom 64% were Mexican, 10% Puerto Rican, 3% Cuban, 3% Dominican, 3% Salvadoran, and the remaining 17% from smaller groups.<ref> See Census Bureau press release, July 16, 2007  at [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/010327.html]</ref>  About 12 million undocumented ("illegal") immigrants live in the U.S., a number that has grown since the [[9-11 attacks]] of 2001.  The undocumented--and indeed the legal immigrants-- have become targets of verbal and political attack.  

'''Latinos''' are Mexicans and other [[Hispanics]] in the United States from 1846 to the present.  By 2005 the Latino population reached 41.3 million, of whom 64% were Mexican, 10% Puerto Rican, 3% Cuban, 3% Dominican, 3% Salvadoran, and the remaining 17% from smaller groups.<ref> See Census Bureau press release, July 16, 2007  at [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/010327.html]</ref>  About 12 million undocumented ("illegal") immigrants live in the U.S., a number that has grown since the [[9-11 attacks]] of 2001.  The undocumented--and indeed the legal immigrants-- have become targets of verbal and political attack.  

Culturally they are mostly conservative Catholics, with a strong evangelical element. They cluster at the bottom of the socio-economic scale, with low levels of education and high dropout rates from schools, and mostly unskilled or semi-skilled jobs. Their crime rate is about the national average.  They have been politically rather inactive (except in New Mexico and Puerto Rico).  The citizens have low turnout rates, but their rapid increase of numbers presages a major voting block. [[George W. Bush]], and to a lesser extent [[John McCain]] have made major efforts to attract them to the Republican Party, but Democrats outnumber Republicans by about 65:35.

Culturally they are mostly conservative Catholics, with a strong evangelical element. They are known for very strong family ties, and high birth rates. They cluster at the bottom of the socio-economic scale, with low levels of education and high dropout rates from schools, and mostly unskilled or semi-skilled jobs. Their crime rate is about the national average.  They have been politically rather inactive (except in New Mexico and Puerto Rico).  The citizens have low turnout rates, but their rapid increase of numbers presages a major voting block. [[George W. Bush]], and to a lesser extent [[John McCain]] have made major efforts to attract them to the Republican Party, but Democrats outnumber Republicans by about 65:35.

==19th century==

==19th century==

After 1911 the ferocious civil wars in Mexico led 600,000 to 1 million refugees to flee north across the border, which was generally open. Well educated middle class families emigrated, as well as poor peons.  

After 1911 the ferocious civil wars in Mexico led 600,000 to 1 million refugees to flee north across the border, which was generally open. Well educated middle class families emigrated, as well as poor peons.  

In Texas a band of radicals issued the manifesto "[[Plan de San Diego]]" in 1915 in South Texas calling on Hispanics to reconquer the Southwest and kill all the Anglo men.  Rebels assassinated opponents and killed several dozen people in attacks on railroads and ranches before the Texas Rangers smashed the insurrection. Tejanos strongly repudiated the Plan and affirmed their American loyalty by founding the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). LULAC, headed by professionals, businessmen and modernizers,  became the central Tejano organization promoting civic pride and civil rights.<ref> Benjamin H.  Johnson, ''Revolution in Texas: how a forgotten rebellion and its bloody suppression turned Mexicans into Americans''. (2003).  </ref>

In Texas a band of radicals based in Mexico issued the manifesto "[[Plan de San Diego]]" in 1915 in South Texas calling on Hispanics to reconquer the Southwest and kill all the Anglo men.  These radicals assassinated opponents and killed several dozen people in attacks on railroads and ranches before the Texas Rangers smashed the insurrection. The vast majority of Tejanos strongly repudiated the Plan and affirmed their American loyalty by founding the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). LULAC, headed by professionals, businessmen and modernizers,  became the central Tejano organization promoting civic pride and civil rights.<ref> Benjamin H.  Johnson, ''Revolution in Texas: how a forgotten rebellion and its bloody suppression turned Mexicans into Americans''. (2003).  </ref>

Over 500,000 returned after 1930, but many stayed. The consulates of the Mexican government in major cities in the Southwest organized a network of "juntas patrioticas" (patriotic councils) and "comisiónes honoríficos" (honorary committees) to celebrate Mexican national holidays such as the [[Cinco de Mayo]]; the target audience was the Latino middle class.<ref> In Mexico itself, the emergence of a national identity for the average person was the work of the 20th century. After 1920 the national government promoted "true" mexicanismo by stirring up anti-American sentiment; promoting contemporary Mexican art, music, and literature; extolling and placing new emphasis on the value of the nation's indigenous peoples and the heritage of mestizaje.  Gutiérrez (1999)</ref>   

Over 500,000 returned after 1930, but many stayed. The consulates of the Mexican government in major cities in the Southwest organized a network of "juntas patrioticas" (patriotic councils) and "comisiónes honoríficos" (honorary committees) to celebrate Mexican national holidays such as the [[Cinco de Mayo]]; the target audience was the Latino middle class.<ref> In Mexico itself, the emergence of a national identity for the average person was the work of the 20th century. After 1920 the national government promoted "true" mexicanismo by stirring up anti-American sentiment; promoting contemporary Mexican art, music, and literature; extolling and placing new emphasis on the value of the nation's indigenous peoples and the heritage of mestizaje.  Gutiérrez (1999)</ref>   

==Politics==

==Politics==

Latinos engaged in national politics for the first time in 1960 when hundreds of "[[Viva Kennedy]]" clubs were created. As a result of military service in World War II the slowly improving civil rights atmosphere of the 1950s, Mexican Americans had tasted some limited successes in access to employment, education (particularly through the benefits of the G.I. Bill), and the election of a few government officials at the state and local levels. Moreover, with the establishment of new, aggressive Mexican American advocacy organizations in the Southwest between 1947 and 1959, community activists symbolically announced that Mexican Americans would henceforth be a political force with which to reckon. About 85% of the Mexican American vote went to Kennedy, slightly higher than other Catholic ethnics. The Latinos took credit for carrying California and Texas by razor-thin margins. President Kennedy, however, made some symbolic appointments but showed minimal interest in Mexican American issues.  

Latinos engaged in national politics for the first time in 1960 when hundreds of "Viva Kennedy" clubs were created. As a result of military service in World War II the slowly improving civil rights atmosphere of the 1950s, Mexican Americans had tasted some limited successes in access to employment, education (particularly through the benefits of the G.I. Bill), and the election of a few government officials at the state and local levels. Moreover, with the establishment of new, aggressive Mexican American advocacy organizations in the Southwest between 1947 and 1959, community activists symbolically announced that Mexican Americans would henceforth be a political force with which to reckon. About 85% of the Mexican American vote went to Kennedy, slightly higher than other Catholic ethnics. The Latinos took credit for carrying California and Texas by razor-thin margins. President Kennedy, however, made some symbolic appointments but showed minimal interest in Mexican American issues.  

[[Image:Hispanic-US-1990.jpg|thumb|575px|Hispanic population 1990]]

[[Image:Hispanic-US-1990.jpg|thumb|575px|Hispanic population 1990]]

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====notes====

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==Surveys and historiography==

==Surveys and historiography==

*  Bean, Frank D.,  and Marta Tienda. ''The Hispanic Population of the United States'' (1987), statistical analysis of demography and social structure

*  Bean, Frank D.,  and Marta Tienda. ''The Hispanic Population of the United States'' (1987), statistical analysis of demography and social structure