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Line 1: + − + − + − The Ottoman Empire continued to militarily force their way into south eastern Europe. In retrospect their failure in the [[Siege of Malta]] (1565) and defeat at the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1572) were the turning points in their expansion in the Mediterranean. During this period, a strengthening Muscovy ([[Russia]]) was winning Muslim territory and pushing at Ottoman borders. As Europe continued to make heavy military strides in the following centuries, the Ottoman Empire began to lag and lose status as a major power. Wars with Russia became frequent in the later part of its existence, with the Russians often getting the better of the engagements. + + + + − In the 19th century the Empire was actually aided in its survival by the powers in Europe, who feared its collapse or loss of large amounts of land to Russia would destabilize the balance of power. Its decline in power and prestige led foreign powers to term it as the "sick man of Europe".+ − The Ottoman Empire fought alongside the [[Central Powers]] during [[World War I]] and collapsed after its defeat. It was during this time when the [[Armenia#genocide|Armenian genocide]] occurred. Much of the pre World War I territory of the Ottoman Empire was placed under British and French control, while [[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk]] led a revolution and established the secular nation of [[Turkey]].+ − {{stub}}+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
add bibliog and tweak text
The '''Ottoman Empire''' was a [[Muslim]] state which ruled much of the [[Middle East]] as well as parts of [[Africa]] and [[Europe]] from 1299 A.D. until 1922 A.D..
The '''Ottoman Empire''' was a [[Muslim]] [[theocracy]] which ruled much of the [[Middle East]] as well as parts of [[Africa]] and [[Europe]] from 1299 A.D. until 1922 A.D..
The [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] gained power by overthrowing the [[Byzantine Empire]], a process that took a century and finished in 1453. That year they captured the Byzantine capital of [[Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]).
The [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] are perhaps most notable for their overthrow of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1453, by capturing the Christian city of [[Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]) during a time that saw expansion into Christian eastern Europe. After capturing the city, the Ottomans changed the [[Hagia Sophia]] from a Church into a [[Mosque]]. This event is commonly considered the end of the [[Roman Empire]], as the Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the [[Roman Empire]] in the east.
The Ottoman Empire continued to militarily force their way into south eastern Europe. Its failure in the [[Siege of Malta]] (1565) and defeat at the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1572) were the turning points in its expansion in the Mediterranean. During this period, a strengthening Muscovy ([[Russia]]) was winning Muslim territory and pushing at Ottoman borders. As Europe continued to make heavy military strides in the following centuries, the Ottoman Empire began to lag and lose status as a major power. Wars with Russia became frequent in the later part of its existence, with the Russians often getting the better of the engagements.
In the 19th century the Empire was actually aided in its survival by the powers in Europe, who feared its collapse or loss of large amounts of land to Russia would destabilize the balance of power. Its decline in power and prestige led foreign powers to term it as the "sick man of Europe".
==20th century==
see [[Armenian Genocide]]
* [[Turkey]]
The Ottoman Empire fought alongside the [[Central Powers]] during [[World War I]] and collapsed after its defeat. It was during this time when the [[Armenia#genocide|Armenian genocide]] occurred.
After the war much of the territory of the Ottoman Empire was placed under British and French control, while [[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk]] led a revolution and established the secular nation of [[Turkey]].
==Bibliography==
* Abou-el-Haj, Rifa‘t ‘Ali. ''Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries.'' 1991
* Braude, Benjamin, and Bernard Lewis, eds. ''Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society '' (1982) [http://www.questia.com/read/52272246 online edition]
* Clot, André. ''Suleiman the Magnificent.'' 1993. 399 pp
* Finkel, Caroline. '' Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire'' (2006), standard scholarly survey [http://www.amazon.com/Osmans-Dream-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0465023967/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Gibb, Hamilton, and Harold Bowen. ''Islamic Society and the West''. Vol. 1, pt. 2. London, 1963
* Goffman, Daniel. ''The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/107381987 online edition]
* Goodwin, Jason. ''Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Lords-Horizons-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0312420668/ref=sr_1_16?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-16 excerpt and text search]
* Heywood, Colin. ''Writing Ottoman History: Documents and Interpretations.'' Ashgate, 2002. 376 pp.
* Holt, P. M. ''Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, 1516–1922: A Political History.'' 1966.
* Imber, Colin. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power'' (2003)
* Inalcik, Halil and Quataert, Donald, ed. ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914.'' 1995. 1026 pp.
* Itzkowitz, Norman. ''Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition.'' 1972.
* Kinross, Lord. ''Ottoman Centuries'' (1979)
* Kunt, Metin and Woodhead, Christine, ed. ''Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World.'' 1995. 218 pp.
* Levy, Avigdor, ed. ''The Jews of the Ottoman Empire,'' 1994.
* Levy, Avigdor, ed. ''Jews, Turks, Ottomans: A Shared History, Fifteenth to the Twentieth Century.'' (2002). 304 pp.
* McCarthy, Justin. ''The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923'' 1997 [http://www.questia.com/read/58745078 online edition]
* Murphy, Rhoads ''Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700'' (1999) 278 pp.
* Ochsenwald, William, and Sydney Nettleton Fisher. ''The Middle East: A History'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Middle-East-History-William-Ochsenwald/dp/0072442336/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]
* Pamuk, Sevket. ''A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire.'' 1999. 276 pp.
* Parry, V.J. ''A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730'' (1976)
* Pierce, Leslie P. ''The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire.'' 1993. 374 pp.
* Quataert, Donald. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922'' (2005), standard scholarly survey [http://www.amazon.com/Ottoman-1700-1922-Approaches-European-History/dp/0521547822/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874589&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1, '' 1977.
* Somel, Selcuk Aksin. ''Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire.'' (2003). 399 pp.
* Turnbull, Stephen. ''The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699'' (2003) 95pp[http://www.questia.com/read/108569306 online edition]
* Wheatcroft, Andrew. ''The Ottomans.'' 384 pp.
===Post 1830===
* Ahmad, Feroz. ''The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914'', 1969.
* Arnold, Guy. ''Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War.'' (2002). 179 pp.
* Black, Cyril E., and L. Carl Brown. ''Modernization in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire and Its Afro-Asian Successors.'' 1992.
* Erickson, Edward J. ''Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Ordered-Die-History-Contributions-Military/dp/0313315167/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Faroqhi, Suraiya. ''Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire.'' 2000. 358 pp.
* Findley, Carter. ''Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire.'' 1980.
* Fortna, Benjamin C. ''Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire.'' 2002. 280 pp.
* Fromkin, David. ''A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Peace-End-All-Ottoman-Creation/dp/0805068848/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-10 excerpt and text search]
* Göçek, Fatma Müge. ''Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change.'' 1996. 220 pp.
* Hale, William. ''Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000.'' (2000). 375 pp.
* Inalcik, Halil and Quataert, Donald, ed. ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914.'' 1995. 1026 pp.
* Karpat, Kemal. ''Ottoman Population, 1830–1914'' 1985.
* Karpat, Kemal H. ''The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State.'' (2001). 533 pp.
* Kayali, Hasan. ''Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918'' University of California Press, 1997; [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft7n39p1dn/?&query=&brand=ucpress complete text online]
* Kushner, David. ''The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908.'' 1977.
* Ma’oz, Moshe. ''Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840–1861.'' 1968.
* Mardin, Şerif. ''The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought.'' 1962.
* Miller, William. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913.'' 1913
* Owen, Roger. ''The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914.'' 1981
* Quataert, Donald. ''Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908.'' 1983.
* Ramsaur, E. E. ''The Young Turks: Prelude to the Revolution of 1908.'' 1957.
* Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975.'' 1977. [http://www.amazon.com/History-Ottoman-Empire-Modern-Turkey/dp/0521291666/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196874166&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Toledano, Ehud R. ''The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890.'' 1982
[[Category:Former Countries]]
[[Category:Former Countries]]
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:World War I]]