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'''Franz Leopold Neumann''' (1900 - 1954) was born into in Katowice near Kraków which became a Polish town in 1921.

'''Franz Leopold Neumann''' (1900 - 1954) was born into in Kattowitz near Cracow.

=== New Beginning ===

=== New Beginning ===

As a student Neumann participated in the German [[German Revolution|November revolution]] of 1918 and joined the [[Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany#Weimar_Republic|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD).  Neumann was instrumental in organizing the Socialist Students Society in Frankfurt, where in 1918 he met Leo Lowenthal, a future member of the [[Frankfurt School]]. At Breslau, Leipzig, Rostock and Frankfurt am Main, Neumann acquired legal training and graduated in 1923.  He was active from 1925 to 1927 as a teacher at the trade union academy, and later as an assistant of Hugo Sinzheimer.  Neumann became active in the clandestine Leninist organization, New Beginning.  From 1928 to 1933 he worked in Berlin in partnership with [[Ernst Fraenkel]] as an attorney specializing on industrial law.  As such he frequently represented the SPD and [[trade union]]s.   

As a student Neumann participated in the German [[German Revolution|November revolution]] of 1918 and joined the [[Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany#Weimar_Republic|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD).  Neumann was instrumental in organizing the Socialist Students Society in Frankfurt, where in 1918 he met Leo Lowenthal, a future member of the [[Frankfurt School]]. At [[Breslau]], Leipzig, Rostock and Frankfurt am Main, Neumann acquired legal training and graduated in 1923.  He was active from 1925 to 1927 as a teacher at the trade union academy, and later as an assistant of Hugo Sinzheimer.  Neumann became active in the clandestine Leninist organization, New Beginning.  From 1928 to 1933 he worked in Berlin in partnership with [[Ernst Fraenkel]] as an attorney specializing on industrial law.  As such he frequently represented the SPD and [[trade union]]s.   

After the ascendance of the [[national socialism|National Socialists]] to power, Neumann was arrested in April of 1933 under the newly enacted [[Enabling Act]], and after a month of incarceration, escaped to England.  There he studied under [[Harold Laski]] at the [[London School of Economics]] and was granted a doctorate in Political Science. At Laski's recommendation Neumann joined the [[Institute for Social Research|Frankfurt Institute of Social Research]] in 1936 and worked with [[Theodor Adorno]] and [[Max Horkheimer]].  [[Paul Massing]], husband of [[Hede Massing]], is also associated with the Frankfurt School.  His presence at the Institute enhanced the [[Critical theory (Frankfurt School)|critical social theory]] analysis of fascism and [[Nazism|German National Socialism]]. Neumann moved to New York in [[1936]].

After the ascendance of the [[national socialism|National Socialists]] to power, Neumann was arrested in April of 1933 under the newly enacted [[Enabling Act]], and after a month of incarceration, escaped to England.  There he studied under [[Harold Laski]] at the [[London School of Economics]] and was granted a doctorate in Political Science. At Laski's recommendation Neumann joined the [[Institute for Social Research|Frankfurt Institute of Social Research]] in 1936 and worked with [[Theodor Adorno]] and [[Max Horkheimer]].  [[Paul Massing]], husband of [[Hede Massing]], is also associated with the Frankfurt School.  His presence at the Institute enhanced the [[Critical theory (Frankfurt School)|critical social theory]] analysis of fascism and [[Nazism|German National Socialism]]. Neumann moved to New York in [[1936]].