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He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1948, becoming the first Democrat to win a Senate election in the state. Farm cooperatives played an important role in his win. The normally nonpartisan Minnesota cooperatives entered the campaign in order to combat Republican proposals to tax patronage rebates. Joining with labor unions, the cooperatives sided with Humphrey in the factional battle within the DFL Party between Humphrey's anti-Communist wing and far-left supporters of [[Henry Wallace]] and Elmer Benson. With the cooperatives' help, Humphrey won control of the party and extended his influence into rural areas. Cooperatives also helped to defeat Congressman Howard Knutson, chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, who supported the taxation of patronage rebates.<ref> John Earl Haynes, "Farm Coops and the Election of Hubert Humphrey to the Senate" ''Agricultural History'' 1983 57(2): 201-211. 0002-1482 </ref>

He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1948, becoming the first Democrat to win a Senate election in the state. Farm cooperatives played an important role in his win. The normally nonpartisan Minnesota cooperatives entered the campaign in order to combat Republican proposals to tax patronage rebates. Joining with labor unions, the cooperatives sided with Humphrey in the factional battle within the DFL Party between Humphrey's anti-Communist wing and far-left supporters of [[Henry Wallace]] and Elmer Benson. With the cooperatives' help, Humphrey won control of the party and extended his influence into rural areas. Cooperatives also helped to defeat Congressman Howard Knutson, chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, who supported the taxation of patronage rebates.<ref> John Earl Haynes, "Farm Coops and the Election of Hubert Humphrey to the Senate" ''Agricultural History'' 1983 57(2): 201-211. 0002-1482 </ref>

He was reelected in 1954 and 1960.  Humphrey was an outspoken liberal on any and all issues. As a member of the Foreign Relations Committee he was known for his "Food for Peace" and multilateral disarmament proposals, as well as for his sponsorship of farm and welfare measures.

He was reelected in 1954 and 1960.  Humphrey was an outspoken liberal on any and all issues. As a member of the Foreign Relations Committee he was known for his "Food for Peace" and multilateral disarmament proposals, as well as for his sponsorship of farm and welfare measures. Having seen the perverse ability of the Communists to infiltrate organizations like CIO labor unions and farmer Labor groups, he helped drafted and promoted the "Communist Control Act" of 1954 as a civil libertarian measure.<ref> Mary S. McAuliffe, "Liberals and the Communist Control Act of 1954." ''Journal of American History'' 1976 63(2): 351-367.  0021-8723</ref> 

 

Underfunded, he was defeated by [[John F. Kennedy]] for the presidential nomination in 1960.  As Senate majority whip in 1961-64, Humphrey proved efficient in organizing support for the passage of major legislation, especially Johnson's liberal [[Great Society]].  He had been one of the most zealous advocates of a strong civil rights bill ever since his successful effort in 1948 to write an unprecedented civil rights plank into the platform of the Democratic Party. To assure passage of the Civil Rights bill in 1964, Humphrey permitted Republicans such as [[Everett Dirksen]] to take credit for the bill by turning active sponsorship over to them. He also actively supported the Peace Corps, urban renewal, federal aid to education, and the nuclear test ban treaty.

Underfunded, he was defeated by [[John F. Kennedy]] for the presidential nomination in 1960.  As Senate majority whip in 1961-64, Humphrey proved efficient in organizing support for the passage of major legislation, especially Johnson's liberal [[Great Society]].  He had been one of the most zealous advocates of a strong civil rights bill ever since his successful effort in 1948 to write an unprecedented civil rights plank into the platform of the Democratic Party. To assure passage of the Civil Rights bill in 1964, Humphrey permitted Republicans such as [[Everett Dirksen]] to take credit for the bill by turning active sponsorship over to them. He also actively supported the Peace Corps, urban renewal, federal aid to education, and the nuclear test ban treaty.

==1968==

==1968==

[[Image:Hhh68.jpg|thumb|290px|''Time'' May 3, 1968]]

[[Image:Hhh68.jpg|thumb|290px|''Time'' May 3, 1968]]

When Johnson was forced to pull out of the 1968 election, Humphrey became the choice of labor unions, Democratic party officials, and city machines. He won the nomination without entering any primaries.  After an intense campaign, in the closing days he repudiated Johnson's policy on the [[Vietnam War]], thus winning back some disaffected voters on the far-left.  Meanwhile his unions allies managed to undercut [[George Wallace]]'s appeal to white ethnics.  Once far behind Nixon, Humphrey almost caught up, but failed as the [[New Deal Coalition]] collapsed and the [[Fifth Party System]] ended.

When Johnson was forced to pull out of the 1968 election, Humphrey became the choice of labor unions, Democratic party officials, and city machines. He won the nomination without entering any primaries.  After an intense campaign, in the closing days he repudiated Johnson's policy on the [[Vietnam War]], thus winning back some disaffected voters on the far-left.  Meanwhile his unions allies managed to undercut [[George Wallace]]'s appeal to white ethnics.  Once far behind Nixon, Humphrey almost caught up, but failed as the [[New Deal Coalition]] collapsed and the [[Fifth Party System]] ended.

Humphrey died in office of cancer.

Humphrey died in office of cancer.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Fleming, Dan B., Jr. ''Kennedy vs. Humphrey, West Virginia, 1960: The Pivotal Battle for the Democratic Presidential Nomination.'' (1992). 216 pp.

* Fleming, Dan B., Jr. ''Kennedy vs. Humphrey, West Virginia, 1960: The Pivotal Battle for the Democratic Presidential Nomination.'' (1992). 216 pp.

* Garrettson, Charles Lloyd, ''Hubert H. Humphrey: The Politics of Joy.'' (1993). 372 pp.; emphasizes Humphrey's religiosity

* Garrettson, Charles Lloyd, ''Hubert H. Humphrey: The Politics of Joy.'' (1993). 372 pp.; emphasizes Humphrey's religiosity

* Solberg, Carl. ''Hubert Humphrey'' (2003), scholarly biography [http://www.amazon.com/Hubert-Humphrey-Carl-Solberg/dp/0873514734/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233479925&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Solberg, Carl. ''Hubert Humphrey'' (2003), scholarly biography [http://www.amazon.com/Hubert-Humphrey-Carl-Solberg/dp/0873514734/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233479925&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Thurber, Timothy N. ''The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle.'' (1999) 352 pp.

* Thurber, Timothy N. ''The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle.'' (1999) 352 pp.

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===

* Humphrey, Hubert H. ''The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics'' (1976), autobiography. [http://www.amazon.com/Education-Public-Man-Life-Politics/dp/0816618976/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233479925&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Humphrey, Hubert H. ''The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics'' (1976), autobiography. [http://www.amazon.com/Education-Public-Man-Life-Politics/dp/0816618976/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233479925&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Kampelman, Max M. ''Entering New Worlds: The Memoirs of a Private Man in Public Life.'' (1991). 402 pp, by a top HHH adviser

* Kampelman, Max M. ''Entering New Worlds: The Memoirs of a Private Man in Public Life.'' (1991). 402 pp, by a top HHH adviser

==Notes & References==

==Notes & References==