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===Wars===
===Wars===
With the consent of Parliament William declared war on Louis XIV in May 1689. The [[War of the League of Augsburg]] (also called "Nine Years' War" and "King William's War") saw battles on many fronts, including Ireland, from which James II sought to regain his throne with French help. In the war William's only important victory was the [[Battle of the Boyne]], in Ireland on July 1, 1690; "King Billy", as his soldiers called him, decisively defeated a Catholic force led by the deposed James II. King Billy displayed courage but minimal tactical skill; James and his generals proved even less competent. The Pacification of Limerick on 13 October 1691 marked the Jacobite forces' final capitulation. The Penal Laws against Roman Catholics were increased in severity--Irishmen who refused to became Protestants were under severe restrictions regarding property, office and political rights. In Scotland, the Jacobites resisted violently, but after their defeat at Killiecrankie (1689) William was able to make [[Church of Scotland|Scottish Presbyterianism]] secure. He condoned the bloody massacre at [[Glencoe]] in 1692.
With the consent of Parliament William declared war on Louis XIV in May 1689. The [[War of the League of Augsburg]] (also called "Nine Years' War" and "King William's War") saw battles on many fronts, including Ireland, from which James II sought to regain his throne with French help. In the war William's only important victory was the [[Battle of the Boyne]], in Ireland on July 1, 1690; "King Billy", as his soldiers called him, decisively defeated a Catholic force led by the deposed James II. King Billy displayed courage but minimal tactical skill; James and his generals proved even less competent. The Pacification of Limerick on 13 October 1691 marked the Jacobite forces' final capitulation. The Penal Laws against Roman Catholics were increased in severity--Irishmen who refused to became Protestants were under severe restrictions regarding property, office and political rights. In Scotland, the Jacobites resisted violently, but after their defeat at Killiecrankie (1689) William was able to make [[Church of Scotland|Scottish Presbyterianism]] secure. He condoned the bloody massacre of Scottish Catholics at [[Glencoe]] in 1692.
On the continent it did not go as well. William took an English army to the Spanish Netherlands in 1691 but in Flanders lost two battles to the French--Steenkirk, in August 1692, and Neerwinden or Landen, in July 1693. The Royal Navy's victory over the French fleet at La Hogue (May 1692) saved England from a French invasion.
On the continent it did not go as well. William took an English army to the Spanish Netherlands in 1691 but in Flanders lost two battles to the French--Steenkirk, in August 1692, and Neerwinden or Landen, in July 1693. The Royal Navy's victory over the French fleet at La Hogue (May 1692) saved England from a French invasion.