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===War of 1812===
===War of 1812===
The Indian attacks on western settlements were encouraged by the British government, and were a major reason for the U.S. declaration of war against Britain in 1812. General [[William henry Harrison]] destroyed the Canadian Indians in 1813, killing the leader [[Tecumseh]]. General [[Andrew Jackson]] destroyed the Creeks and the southern Indian threat in 1814.
The Indian attacks on western settlements were encouraged by the British government, and were a major reason for the U.S. declaration of war against Britain in 1812. General [[William henry Harrison]] destroyed the Canadian Indians in 1813, killing the leader [[Tecumseh]]. General [[Andrew Jackson]] destroyed the Creeks and the southern Indian threat in 1814.
===Seminole war===
===Seminole wars===
The [[Seminole]] Indians in Florida fought three long, grueling wars against the U.S. Army. They finally lost and were resettled in Oklahoma.
The [[Seminole]] Indians in Florida fought three long, grueling wars against the U.S. Army. They finally lost and were resettled in Oklahoma.
In 1817 General [[Andrew Jackson]] invaded Florida--then controlled by Spain--to stop Seminoles from aiding and providing refuge for the Creeks who were raiding American settlers of Georgia. In this '''First Seminole War''' many Seminole settlements were burned and the raids ended. Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and the Seminoles agreed to stay on new reservations.
In 1817 General [[Andrew Jackson]] invaded Florida--then controlled by Spain--to stop Seminoles from aiding and providing refuge for the Creeks who were raiding American settlers of Georgia. In this '''First Seminole War''' many Seminole settlements were burned and the raids ended. Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and the Seminoles agreed to stay on new reservations.
In 1832 the Seminoles agreed to be removed to "Indian territory" (now [[Oklahoma]]), but before the move was completed a group led by a warrior named Osceola revolted in 1835. Osceola was captured, but the '''Second Seminole War''' continued until 1842. At the end, 3000 Seminoles went to Oklahoma, but a thousand or so held out against the Army in the Everglades for years during the smaller-scale '''Third Seminole War'''.
In 1832 the Seminoles agreed to be removed to "Indian territory" (now [[Oklahoma]]), but before the move was completed a group led by a warrior named Osceola revolted in 1835. Osceola was captured, but the '''Second Seminole War''' continued until 1842.
The usual techniques for defeating the Indians worked poorly in Florida. The U.S. Army could not find Indian allies because the Seminoles had killed off the other tribes. Waiting for winter to attack food stores did not work in Florida's not climate. Progressively narrowing the hostile territory by building forts was futile since Florida was so large and had so many swamps.
At the end, 3000 Seminoles went to Oklahoma, but a thousand or so held out against the Army in the Everglades for years during the smaller-scale '''Third Seminole War'''.
John Cavallo (b. 1812?), son of a Seminole chief and an African mother, was a Seminole, 1835-42. Cavallo's charismatic leadership led to his reputation among white leaders as a primary source of Indian and black resistance. After his surrender, Cavallo, also known as Gopher John and later as John Horse, served the U.S. Army as an interpreter during efforts to gather over five hundred Indians for exile. John Horse later drew from his experiences with the army in Florida to help establish the African-American US Cavalry regiments known as the "Buffalo Soldiers". They were used in western outposts to keep Indians on reservations.<ref> Larry E. Rivers, and Canter Brown, Jr., "'The Indispensable Man': John Horse and Florida's Second Seminole War." ''Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians'' 1997 18: 1-23 </ref>
===Civil War===
===Civil War===