Changes

==Policy subversion==

==Policy subversion==

According to his [[FBI]] file, Lattimore was suspected of engaging in espionage for a foreign power as early as 1927, while in Shanghai.<ref>FBI Report, "Owen Lattimore, Internal Security - R, Espionage - R," September 8, 1949 ([http://foia.fbi.gov/owenlatt/owenlatt1a.pdf FBI file: Owen Lattimore, Section 1A]), p. 1 (PDF p. 2)</ref> [[Communist Party USA]] defector [[Louis Budenz]] testified that Lattimore had been hand picked by the [[Comintern]] "to change the thinking here in Washington and in America on the Communist activities in China and relations to the Soviet Union." Lattimore was thought to be a man "who could put out [[propaganda]] and conceal the Communist activity, but still have it carry out the policy of the Communists." According to Budenz "the weight of his discussions was always along the lines of the Soviet policy," but the language employed 'Was non-Soviet in character. "<ref>Testimony of Louis Francis Budenz, August 22, 1951. Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings. Part 2, pp. 522-23.</ref>

According to his [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] file, Lattimore was suspected of engaging in espionage for a foreign power as early as 1927, while in Shanghai.<ref>FBI Report, "Owen Lattimore, Internal Security - R, Espionage - R," September 8, 1949 ([http://foia.fbi.gov/owenlatt/owenlatt1a.pdf FBI file: Owen Lattimore, Section 1A]), p. 1 (PDF p. 2)</ref> [[Communist Party USA]] defector [[Louis Budenz]] testified that Lattimore had been hand picked by the [[Comintern]] "to change the thinking here in Washington and in America on the Communist activities in China and relations to the Soviet Union." Lattimore was thought to be a man "who could put out [[propaganda]] and conceal the Communist activity, but still have it carry out the policy of the Communists." According to Budenz "the weight of his discussions was always along the lines of the Soviet policy," but the language employed 'Was non-Soviet in character. "<ref>Testimony of Louis Francis Budenz, August 22, 1951. Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings. Part 2, pp. 522-23.</ref> [[Alexander Barmine]], former Charge d'Affairs at the Soviet Embassy in Athens, Greece, advised [[FBI]] agents that then-[[GRU]] (Soviet Military Intelligence) chief General Jan Berzin informed him prior to his 1937 defection that Owen Lattimore was a Soviet agent.<ref>FBI Report, "Owen Lattimore, Internal Security - R, Espionage - R," September 8, 1949 ([http://foia.fbi.gov/owenlatt/owenlatt1a.pdf FBI File: Owen Lattimore, Part 1A]), p. 2 (PDF p. 7)</ref>  

In May of 1941, during the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], the FBI issued a notice that Lattimore as a suspected Communist should be considered for custodial detention in the event of a national emergency.<ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=453 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], Newly Uncovered Secret Data Confirm Wisconsin Senator's Major Charges, ''Human Events'', M. Stanton Evans, 05/08/2003.</ref> Later the same year President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] appointed Lattimore [[U.S.]] adviser to [[Kuomintang]] Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] on the surreptitious and out-of-process recommendation of Lattimore's personal friend and patron at the White House,<ref>Lattimore wrote that when in Washington, he used Currie’s office (“I am in Washington about 4 days a week, and when there can always be reached at Lauchlin Currie's office, room 228, State Department Building; telephone National 1414, extension 90”), and that when Currie was out, Lattimore handled his mail: “Currie asked me to take care of his correspondence while he is away.” Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia341034.us.archive.org/3/items/instituteofpacif09unit/instituteofpacif09unit.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings, Part 9] (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 3199-3200 (PDF pp. 311-312)</ref> Roosevelt adviser and [[NKVD]] agent [[Lauchlin Currie]].<ref>“I asked who had suggested to President Roosevelt the nomination of Mr. Lattimore. Mr. Currie replied that he, Currie, had.” (Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, Testimony of Stanley K. Hornbeck, [http://ia341034.us.archive.org/3/items/instituteofpacif09unit/instituteofpacif09unit.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings, Part 9] (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 3209-10 (PDF pp. 321-322)</ref> While serving in this capacity, according to Chinese military intelligence, Lattimore was sending coded messages to the Communist Chinese rebels.<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vz42rDYmf3wC Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007), ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9</ref>

In May of 1941, during the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], the FBI issued a notice that Lattimore as a suspected Communist should be considered for custodial detention in the event of a national emergency.<ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=453 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], Newly Uncovered Secret Data Confirm Wisconsin Senator's Major Charges, ''Human Events'', M. Stanton Evans, 05/08/2003.</ref> Later the same year President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] appointed Lattimore [[U.S.]] adviser to [[Kuomintang]] Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] on the surreptitious and out-of-process recommendation of Lattimore's personal friend and patron at the White House,<ref>Lattimore wrote that when in Washington, he used Currie’s office (“I am in Washington about 4 days a week, and when there can always be reached at Lauchlin Currie's office, room 228, State Department Building; telephone National 1414, extension 90”), and that when Currie was out, Lattimore handled his mail: “Currie asked me to take care of his correspondence while he is away.” Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia341034.us.archive.org/3/items/instituteofpacif09unit/instituteofpacif09unit.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings, Part 9] (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 3199-3200 (PDF pp. 311-312)</ref> Roosevelt adviser and [[NKVD]] agent [[Lauchlin Currie]].<ref>“I asked who had suggested to President Roosevelt the nomination of Mr. Lattimore. Mr. Currie replied that he, Currie, had.” (Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, Testimony of Stanley K. Hornbeck, [http://ia341034.us.archive.org/3/items/instituteofpacif09unit/instituteofpacif09unit.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings, Part 9] (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 3209-10 (PDF pp. 321-322)</ref> While serving in this capacity, according to Chinese military intelligence, Lattimore was sending coded messages to the Communist Chinese rebels.<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vz42rDYmf3wC Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007), ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9</ref>

Prof. Anthony Kubek has written that Lattimore, by this one act, designed to accomplish the Soviet objective of promoting war between the United States and Japan -- did more to promote the Sovietization of China than in any other act of his career. All [[Comintern]] designs for conquest of China hinged upon destroying Japan and the balance of power in the Pacific. <ref>Communism at Pearl Harbor, How the Communists Helped to Bring on Pearl Harbor and Open up Asia to Communinization, Dr. Anthony Kubek, Dallas Texas, Teaching Publishing Company, 1959. Dr. Anthony Kubek was the Editor of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]], Report on the ''Morgenthau Diaries''.  The records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65 consist largely of copies of portions of memorandums, correspondence, transcripts of meetings, and other records preserved by Secretary Morgenthau in order to document his tenure. The original records are in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY. In 1965, the SISS issued a two volume committee print entitled Morgenthau Diary (China), Edited by Dr. Anthony Kubek, containing entries from the records at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library selected to illustrate the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in China. According to Dr. Kubek, the subcommittee wanted to produce a documentary history on the subject and "also indicate the serious problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by non-elected officials," specifically Harry Dexter White. White was a major figure in Senator William Jenner's investigation of interlocking subversion in Government departments in 1953.  The bipartisan investigation lasted for twelve years, and the Subcommittee's Report took another two years to write. [http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103]  Dr. Anthony Kubek also is a recognized expert on the subject of U.S. Naval Intelligence's Operation Magic, the effort to crack Japanese diplomatic ciphers. [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch2_bibl.pdf]</ref>  

Prof. Anthony Kubek has written that Lattimore, by this one act, designed to accomplish the Soviet objective of promoting war between the United States and Japan -- did more to promote the Sovietization of China than in any other act of his career. All [[Comintern]] designs for conquest of China hinged upon destroying Japan and the balance of power in the Pacific. <ref>Communism at Pearl Harbor, How the Communists Helped to Bring on Pearl Harbor and Open up Asia to Communinization, Dr. Anthony Kubek, Dallas Texas, Teaching Publishing Company, 1959. Dr. Anthony Kubek was the Editor of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]], Report on the ''Morgenthau Diaries''.  The records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65 consist largely of copies of portions of memorandums, correspondence, transcripts of meetings, and other records preserved by Secretary Morgenthau in order to document his tenure. The original records are in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY. In 1965, the SISS issued a two volume committee print entitled Morgenthau Diary (China), Edited by Dr. Anthony Kubek, containing entries from the records at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library selected to illustrate the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in China. According to Dr. Kubek, the subcommittee wanted to produce a documentary history on the subject and "also indicate the serious problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by non-elected officials," specifically Harry Dexter White. White was a major figure in Senator William Jenner's investigation of interlocking subversion in Government departments in 1953.  The bipartisan investigation lasted for twelve years, and the Subcommittee's Report took another two years to write. [http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103]  Dr. Anthony Kubek also is a recognized expert on the subject of U.S. Naval Intelligence's Operation Magic, the effort to crack Japanese diplomatic ciphers. [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch2_bibl.pdf]</ref>  

In 1942 Lattimore and Currie tried to get a commission in military intelligence for [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]].

In 1942 Lattimore and Currie tried to get a commission in military intelligence for [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]]. The following year, Lattimore instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  This [[disinformation]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics.  In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] allies with the United States.  <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Claxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

 

When, on June 15 1943, Lattimore instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China."  This [[disinformation]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics.  In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] allies with the United States.  <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Claxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

At President Roosevelt's request, Lattimore accompanied US Vice-President [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]] on a mission to China in 1944, for the US Office of War Information.[http://content.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2411&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=ucpress].  During this visit, which overlapped the [[D-Day]] landings, Wallace and his delegation stopped over in Siberia and were given a tour of the [[Magadan]] concentration camp at [[Kolyma]]. In a travelogue for ''[[National Geographic]]'', Lattimore described this Siberian [[gulag]] as a combination of the Hudson's Bay Company and the [[TVA]], gushing about how strong and well-fed the inmates were and ascribing to camp commandant Feliks Nikishov “a trained and sensitive interest in art and music and also a deep sense of civic responsibility.”<ref>Paul Johnson, [http://books.google.com/books?id=aXm-lKKztywC&pg=PA1&dq=the+survival+of+the+adversary+culture&sig=NBsLl97lMC2A-i-gpuvRZdkewDA#PPA180,M1 ''The Survival of the Adversary Culture'' (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1988) ISBN 1560005548, p. 180]</ref> Nobel Laureate [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] wrote in the ''[[Gulag Archipelago]]'' that the city of Magadan was founded as a Soviet Gulag, and would not have existed otherwise.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944884,00.html?promoid=googlep Islands of Slavery], ''[[Time magazine]]'', June 24, 1974.</ref> Commentator Cal Thomas wrote in 2007,

At President Roosevelt's request, Lattimore accompanied US Vice-President [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]] on a mission to China in 1944, for the US Office of War Information.[http://content.cdlib.org:8088/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2411&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=ucpress].  During this visit, which overlapped the [[D-Day]] landings, Wallace and his delegation stopped over in Siberia and were given a tour of the [[Magadan]] concentration camp at [[Kolyma]]. In a travelogue for ''[[National Geographic]]'', Lattimore described this Siberian [[gulag]] as a combination of the Hudson's Bay Company and the [[TVA]], gushing about how strong and well-fed the inmates were and ascribing to camp commandant Feliks Nikishov “a trained and sensitive interest in art and music and also a deep sense of civic responsibility.”<ref>Paul Johnson, [http://books.google.com/books?id=aXm-lKKztywC&pg=PA1&dq=the+survival+of+the+adversary+culture&sig=NBsLl97lMC2A-i-gpuvRZdkewDA#PPA180,M1 ''The Survival of the Adversary Culture'' (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1988) ISBN 1560005548, p. 180]</ref> Nobel Laureate [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] wrote in the ''[[Gulag Archipelago]]'' that the city of Magadan was founded as a Soviet Gulag, and would not have existed otherwise.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944884,00.html?promoid=googlep Islands of Slavery], ''[[Time magazine]]'', June 24, 1974.</ref> Commentator Cal Thomas wrote in 2007,