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Columbia was introduced by black poet Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784) in her 1776 poem, "To His Excellency [[George Washington]]". <ref>Previous poems by others had used the term in the 1760s, but they were forgotten.</ref> Wheatley's poem was based heavily on classical Roman sources, which she used in translation, and as befits a model of [[Republicanism]], Columbia is garbed in Roman dress. <ref>Thomas J. Steele, "The Figure of Columbia: Phillis Wheatley plus George Washington," ''New England Quarterly,'' Vol. 54, No. 2 (Jun., 1981), pp. 264-266 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/364975 in JSTOR]</ref> Washington was impressed and asked to meet Wheatley. The term caught public fancy and many places in the United States were named after her, such as the [[District of Columbia]], [[Columbia University]], and the Colombia River.<Ref> In 1858, [[Queen Victoria]], on advice of her husband Prince Albert, chose  [[British Columbia|"British Columbia"]] for a new colony that later became part of Canada. It was named after the Columbia Department of the Hudson Bay Company, which in turn was named after the Columbia River. Ged Martin, "The Naming of British Columbia," ''Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,'' Vol. 10, No. 3 (Autumn, 1978), pp. 257-263 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4048132 in JSTOR]</ref>  Before Columbia came into wide use around 1790, America was often represented as an Indian princess, especially in European cartoons.  

Columbia was introduced by black poet Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784) in her 1776 poem, "To His Excellency [[George Washington]]". <ref>Previous poems by others had used the term in the 1760s, but they were forgotten.</ref> Wheatley's poem was based heavily on classical Roman sources, which she used in translation, and as befits a model of [[Republicanism]], Columbia is garbed in Roman dress. <ref>Thomas J. Steele, "The Figure of Columbia: Phillis Wheatley plus George Washington," ''New England Quarterly,'' Vol. 54, No. 2 (Jun., 1981), pp. 264-266 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/364975 in JSTOR]</ref> Washington was impressed and asked to meet Wheatley. The term caught public fancy and many places in the United States were named after her, such as the [[District of Columbia]], [[Columbia University]], and the Colombia River.<Ref> In 1858, [[Queen Victoria]], on advice of her husband Prince Albert, chose  [[British Columbia|"British Columbia"]] for a new colony that later became part of Canada. It was named after the Columbia Department of the Hudson Bay Company, which in turn was named after the Columbia River. Ged Martin, "The Naming of British Columbia," ''Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies,'' Vol. 10, No. 3 (Autumn, 1978), pp. 257-263 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4048132 in JSTOR]</ref>  Before Columbia came into wide use around 1790, America was often represented as an Indian princess, especially in European cartoons.  

In 1792, a statue of Columbus was raised at Tammany Hall in New York City and an eloquent oration was delivered by Mr. John B. Johnson. A toast of honor was given, <ref>[http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/WESTKLN1.ART Columbus and Columbia, Millersville.edu]</ref> ''"May the genius of liberty, as she has conducted the sons of Columbia with glory to the commencement of the fourth century, guard their fame to the end of time." ''  

In 1792, a statue of Columbus was raised at Tammany Hall in New York City and an eloquent oration was delivered by Mr. John B. Johnson. A toast of honor was given, <ref>[http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/WESTKLN1.ART Columbus and Columbia, Millersville.edu]</ref> ''"May the genius of liberty, as she has conducted the sons of Columbia with glory to the commencement of the fourth century, guard their fame to the end of time." ''  

[[File:Gast1872a.jpg|thumb|200px|John Gast, "American progress" (1872); she holds a school book and a telegraph wire]]

[[File:Gast1872a.jpg|thumb|200px|John Gast, "American progress" (1872); she holds a school book and a telegraph wire]]

In a 1872 painting by John Gast, "American Progress," Columbia leads civilization to the westward frontier with American settlers. Columbia usually was disdainful of aristocracy and royalty, but was of mixed feelings about imperialism.  

In a 1872 painting by John Gast, "American Progress," Columbia leads civilization to the westward frontier with American settlers. Columbia usually was disdainful of aristocracy and royalty, but was of mixed feelings about imperialism.  

As an iconic image of [[America]], Columbia was commonly used in World War I, until displaced by the Statue of Liberty in the 1920s. By 1950, the image was much diluted, seen as antiquated and is seldom seen today. A Hollywood studio took the name "Columbia Pictures" in 1924 and still features Columbia's image at the start of its films; the studio is now owned by SONY of [[Japan]]. The name without the image remains more common, as in the Columbia Broadcasting System ([[CBS]]) or in the [[space shuttle]] Columbia, and Columbia Encyclopedia. Many cities attribute the name Columbia such as Columbia, South Carolina or the Columbia City of Washington, Indiana and Oregon.

As an iconic image of America, Columbia was commonly used in World War I, until displaced by the Statue of Liberty in the 1920s. By 1950, the image was much diluted, seen as antiquated and is seldom seen today. A Hollywood studio took the name "Columbia Pictures" in 1924 and still features Columbia's image at the start of its films; the studio is now owned by SONY of [[Japan]]. The name without the image remains more common, as in the Columbia Broadcasting System ([[CBS]]) or in the [[space shuttle]] Columbia, and Columbia Encyclopedia. Many cities attribute the name Columbia such as Columbia, South Carolina or the Columbia City of Washington, Indiana and Oregon.

{{Clear}}

{{Clear}}

:One century scarce perform'd its destined round,<br>

 

One century scarce perform'd its destined round,

When Gallic powers Columbia's fury found;<br>

When Gallic powers Columbia's fury found;<br>

And so may you, whoever dares disgrace

And so may you, whoever dares disgrace<br>

The land of freedom's heaven-defended race!<br>  

The land of freedom's heaven-defended race!<br>  

Fix'd are the eyes of nations on the scales,

Fix'd are the eyes of nations on the scales,<br>

For in their hopes Columbia's arm prevails.

For in their hopes Columbia's arm prevails.<br>

 

===Hail Columbia===

==Hail Columbia==

[[File:Branded.jpg|thumb|220px|Columbia appears as "Public Opinion" who brands corrupt politicians in this ''Puck'' cartoon of Aug. 11, 1886]]  

[[File:Branded.jpg|thumb|220px|Columbia appears as "Public Opinion" who brands corrupt politicians in this ''Puck'' cartoon of Aug. 11, 1886]]  

Unofficial national anthem until the Star Spangled Banner. The song is still used today for the entrance of the Vice President. <ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08078/865947-42.stm Hail, Miss Columbia: Once a U.S. symbol, she's lost out to Uncle Sam, Lady Liberty, Post-Gazette.com]</ref>

Unofficial national anthem until the Star Spangled Banner. The song is still used today for the entrance of the Vice President. <ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08078/865947-42.stm Hail, Miss Columbia: Once a U.S. symbol, she's lost out to Uncle Sam, Lady Liberty, Post-Gazette.com]</ref>

Hail, Columbia, happy land,

Hail, Columbia, happy land,<br>

Hail, ye heroes, heav'n born band,

Hail, ye heroes, heav'n born band,<br>

Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause,

Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause,<br>

Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause,

Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause,<br>

And when the storm of war was gone,

And when the storm of war was gone,<br>

Enjoy'd the peace your valor won.

Enjoy'd the peace your valor won.<br>

Let independence be our boast,

Let independence be our boast,<br>

Ever mindful what it cost,

Ever mindful what it cost,<br>

Ever grateful for the prize,

Ever grateful for the prize,<br>

Let its alter reach the skies.

Let its alter reach the skies.<br><br>

Firm, united let us be,

Firm, united let us be,<br>

Rallying round our liberty,

Rallying round our liberty,<br>

As a band of brothers join'd

As a band of brothers join'd<br>

Peace and safety we shall find.

Peace and safety we shall find.<br><br>

Sound, sound the trump of fame,

Sound, sound the trump of fame,<br>

Let Washington's great fame

Let Washington's great fame<br>

Ring through the world with loud applause,

Ring through the world with loud applause,<br>

Ring through the world with loud applause,

Ring through the world with loud applause,<br>

Let ev'ry clime to freedom dear,

Let ev'ry clime to freedom dear,<br>

Listen with a joyful ear,

Listen with a joyful ear,<br>

With equal skill, with God-like pow'r

With equal skill, with God-like pow'r<br>

He governs in the fearful hour

He governs in the fearful hour<br>

Of horrid war, or guides with ease

Of horrid war, or guides with ease<br>

The happier time of honest peace.

The happier time of honest peace.<br>

{{Clear}}

{{Clear}}

==Columbia, The Gem of The Ocean==

===Columbia, The Gem of The Ocean===

O, Columbia! the gem of the ocean,

O, Columbia! the gem of the ocean,<br>

The home of the brave and the free,

The home of the brave and the free,<br>

The shrine of each patriot's devotion,

The shrine of each patriot's devotion,<br>

A world offers homage to thee.

A world offers homage to thee.<br>

Thy mandates make heroes assemble

Thy mandates make heroes assemblev

When Liberty's form stands in view;

When Liberty's form stands in view;<br>

Thy banners make tyranny tremble

Thy banners make tyranny tremble<br>

When borne by the Red, White and Blue!

When borne by the Red, White and Blue!<br>

When borne by the Red, White and Blue!

When borne by the Red, White and Blue!<br>

When borne by the Red, White and Blue!

When borne by the Red, White and Blue!<br>

Thy banners make tyranny tremble

Thy banners make tyranny tremble<br>

When borne by the Red, White and Blue!

When borne by the Red, White and Blue!<br>

The wine cup, the wine cup bring hither,

The wine cup, the wine cup bring hither,<br>

And fill you it true to the brim!

And fill you it true to the brim!<br>

May the wreaths they have won never wither,

May the wreaths they have won never wither,<br>

Nor the star of their glory grow dim!

Nor the star of their glory grow dim!<br>

May the service united ne'er sever,

May the service united ne'er sever,<br>

But they to their colors prove true!

But they to their colors prove true!<br>

The Army and Navy forever,

The Army and Navy forever,<br>

Three cheers for the red, white and blue,

Three cheers for the red, white and blue,<br>

Three cheers for the red, white and blue,

Three cheers for the red, white and blue,<br>

Three cheers for the red, white and blue,

Three cheers for the red, white and blue,<br>

The Army and Navy forever,

The Army and Navy forever,<br>

Three cheers for the red, white and blue.

Three cheers for the red, white and blue.