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'''The Glorious Revolution''' or '''Bloodless Revolt''', also known as the '''Revolution of 1688''', was a coup d'etat that took place in [[England]], replacing the [[Catholic]] [[King]] of England and [[Ireland]], [[James II]] (known as James VII as King of [[Scotland]]), with the Protestants [[William and Mary|William of Orange and his wife Mary]], who was James's daughter. Despite the often used title of "Bloodless", there was some fighting and loss of life, though none of it took place in England itself.  

'''The Glorious Revolution''' or '''Bloodless Revolt''', also known as the '''Revolution of 1688''', was a coup d'etat that took place in [[Britain]], replacing the Catholic King [[James II]]<ref< hew was known as James VII as King of Scotland</ref>, with the Protestants [[William and Mary|William of Orange and his wife Mary]], who was James's daughter. Despite the often used title of "Bloodless", there was some fighting and loss of life, though none of it took place in England itself.  

The cause of the overthrow was a combination of two battles taking place in England at the time; one was a battle between [[Protestantism]] and Catholicism, the other between the fledgling democracy of [[Parliament]] and the "Divine Right" of the King. James was unpopular with many politicians due to his Catholicism. However attempts to exclude him from becoming King had been unsuccessful.  William III and Mary II went on to become a popular and peaceful rulers.

The cause of the overthrow was a combination of two battles taking place in England at the time; one was a battle between Protestantism and Catholicism, the other between the growing power of [[Parliament]] and the "Divine Right" of the King. James was unpopular and seen as a threat due to his Catholicism and his closeness to King [[Louis XIV]] of France. However attempts to exclude him from becoming King had been unsuccessful.  [[William III]] and [[Mary II]] were effective rulers, Protestantism became firmly established, Parliament gained the upper hand in the government, and a [[English Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] was issued to protect the rule of law from arbitrary royal power.

==Events of 1688==

==Events of 1688==

Many historians have endorsed Burke's view, including Macaulay (1848) and more recently John Morrill, who captured the consensus of contemporary historiography well when he declared that "the Sensible Revolution of 1688—89 was a conservative Revolution." On the contrary, argues Pincus (2009), it was momentous, especially when looking at the alternative that James was trying to enact of a powerful centralized autocratic state.  England's role in Europe and the country's political economy in the 17th century refutes the view of many late-20th-century historians that nothing revolutionary occurred during the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89. Pincus says it was not a placid turn of events. In diplomacy and economics James II transformed the English state's ideology and policies. This occurred not because James II was an outsider who inflicted foreign notions on England but because foreign affairs and political economy were at the core of the English revolutionaries' agenda. The revolution of 1688-89 cannot be fathomed in isolation. It would have been inconceivable without the transformations resulting from the events of the 1640s and 1650s. Indeed, the ideas accompanying the Glorious Revolution were rooted in the mid-century upheavals. Thus, the 17th century was a century of revolution in England, deserving of the same scholarly attention that 'modern' revolutions attract.  

Many historians have endorsed Burke's view, including Macaulay (1848) and more recently John Morrill, who captured the consensus of contemporary historiography well when he declared that "the Sensible Revolution of 1688—89 was a conservative Revolution." On the contrary, argues Pincus (2009), it was momentous, especially when looking at the alternative that James was trying to enact of a powerful centralized autocratic state.  England's role in Europe and the country's political economy in the 17th century refutes the view of many late-20th-century historians that nothing revolutionary occurred during the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89. Pincus says it was not a placid turn of events. In diplomacy and economics James II transformed the English state's ideology and policies. This occurred not because James II was an outsider who inflicted foreign notions on England but because foreign affairs and political economy were at the core of the English revolutionaries' agenda. The revolution of 1688-89 cannot be fathomed in isolation. It would have been inconceivable without the transformations resulting from the events of the 1640s and 1650s. Indeed, the ideas accompanying the Glorious Revolution were rooted in the mid-century upheavals. Thus, the 17th century was a century of revolution in England, deserving of the same scholarly attention that 'modern' revolutions attract.  

James II was building a powerful militarized state on the assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite, and empires were created by taking land from another state. The [[East India Company]] was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the Mogul Empire in India. After 1689 came an alternative understanding of econiomics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society. The proponents of this view, most famously [[Adam Smith]] in 1776, realized that wealth was created by human endeavor and thus potentially infnite.<ref> See Pincus (2009)</ref>

James II was building a powerful militarized state on the assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite, and empires were created by taking land from another state. The [[East India Company]] was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the Mogul Empire in India. After 1689 came an alternative understanding of economics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society. The proponents of this view, most famously [[Adam Smith]] in 1776, realized that wealth was created by human endeavor and thus potentially infinite.<ref> See Pincus (2009)</ref>

==Further reading==

==Further reading==