Changes

Cleveland tried to lower the tariff in 1893-94 and result was a fiasco. The House did vote much lower rates, but protectionist Democrats in the Senate, led by Senator Arthur Pue Gorman, Democrat of Maryland, raised them again, and added an income tax of 2% on incomes over $4000, leaving Cleveland's main campaign promises of tariff reform in shambles. He allowed the "Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act", including the income tax, to become law without his signature in 1894.</ref>  The Supreme Court in 1895 declared the income tax of 1894 unconstitutional. The income tax was legalized by the [[Sixteenth Amendment]] in 1913.</ref>

Cleveland tried to lower the tariff in 1893-94 and result was a fiasco. The House did vote much lower rates, but protectionist Democrats in the Senate, led by Senator Arthur Pue Gorman, Democrat of Maryland, raised them again, and added an income tax of 2% on incomes over $4000, leaving Cleveland's main campaign promises of tariff reform in shambles. He allowed the "Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act", including the income tax, to become law without his signature in 1894.</ref>  The Supreme Court in 1895 declared the income tax of 1894 unconstitutional. The income tax was legalized by the [[Sixteenth Amendment]] in 1913.</ref>

===Pullman Strike: 1894===

===Pullman Strike: 1894===

Deep in the depression, in summer 1894 the Pullman strike, based in Chicago, was an attempt by workers tried to stop all trains, including those carrying the U.S. mail.  Noting that the mail is a constitutional duty of the federal government, Cleveland rejected the demands by Illinois Governor [[John Peter Altgeld]], a fellow Democrat, to stay out. Altgeld, with ties to the labor unions, was a leader of the radical left wing of the party, and was using states rights arguments favored by southerners who wanted  no federal protection of the voting rights of blacks. "If it takes the the entire army and navy . . . to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered."  he promised.  Cleveland ignored Altgeld and the states rights argument --and indeed consulted with no one outside his cabinet--and sent in the army to take control of the rail yards in Chicago and dozens of other major cities. Cleveland had the strike leaders arrested as strikers attacked the army violently in numerous cities.  The army reopened the rail system, ended the strike, and broke the union.  Cleveland had made the most dramatic intervention of federal power into local affairs since the end of [[Reconstruction]], and was bitterly resented by states-rights elements.

Deep in the depression, in summer 1894 the [[Pullman strike]], based in Chicago, was an attempt by workers tried to stop all trains, including those carrying the U.S. mail.  Noting that the mail is a constitutional duty of the federal government, Cleveland rejected the demands by Illinois Governor [[John Peter Altgeld]], a fellow Democrat, to stay out. Altgeld, with ties to the labor unions, was a leader of the radical left wing of the party, and was using states rights arguments favored by southerners who wanted  no federal protection of the voting rights of blacks. "If it takes the the entire army and navy . . . to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered."  he promised.  Cleveland ignored Altgeld and the states rights argument --and indeed consulted with no one outside his cabinet--and sent in the army to take control of the rail yards in Chicago and dozens of other major cities. Cleveland had the strike leaders arrested as strikers attacked the army violently in numerous cities.  The army reopened the rail system, ended the strike, and broke the union.  Cleveland had made the most dramatic intervention of federal power into local affairs since the end of [[Reconstruction]], and was bitterly resented by states-rights elements.

 

The fall elections of 1894 brought a massive Republican landslide, and wiped out the Populist party in the West and the Democratic party in the Northeast. The result was that Cleveland's leftist enemies in the Democratic party, based in the South and Midwest, ganied strength.

===Hawaii===

===Hawaii===

In 1893 Hawaiian businessmen overthrew the local queen, without bloodshed; they proclaimed an independent republic in 1894. They sought annexation to the U.S., which long had dominated the Hawaiian economy. Cleveland withdrew the treaty of annexation and sent his own agent [[James Henderson Blount]] to investigate.  The Blount report said that support for the revolution by the American consul tainted its legitimacy.  Cleveland was on the verge of sending the navy to conquer Hawaii and return it to the queen when she promised to behead all the revolutionaries.  The notion that America would invade a peaceful republic and install a bloodthirsty absolute monarch so violated the principles of the American Revolution (when France aided the American rebels) that Cleveland sat silent.  In 1898 Hawaii voluntarily joined the U.S.

In 1893 Hawaiian businessmen overthrew the local queen, without bloodshed; they proclaimed an independent republic in 1894. They sought annexation to the U.S., which long had dominated the Hawaiian economy. Cleveland withdrew the treaty of annexation and sent his own agent [[James Henderson Blount]] to investigate.  The Blount report said that support for the revolution by the American consul tainted its legitimacy.  Cleveland was on the verge of sending the navy to conquer Hawaii and return it to the queen when she promised to behead all the revolutionaries.  The notion that America would invade a peaceful republic and install a bloodthirsty absolute monarch so violated the principles of the American Revolution (when France aided the American rebels) that Cleveland sat silent.  In 1898 Hawaii voluntarily joined the U.S.