Changes

:Parts of Oregon, Washington, N. Idaho, W. Montana, and SW Canada: [[Nez Perce]].

:Parts of Oregon, Washington, N. Idaho, W. Montana, and SW Canada: [[Nez Perce]].

==Historical role of disease, war and social issues on Indian populations==

==Historical role of disease and war on Indian populations==

===Deaths by disease===

===Deaths by disease===

For a more through and balanced account of wars between the Indians and settlers, the reader is directed to the main source for the above, [http://hnn.us/articles/7302.html ''Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?''], by Guenter Lewy.

For a more through and balanced account of wars between the Indians and settlers, the reader is directed to the main source for the above, [http://hnn.us/articles/7302.html ''Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?''], by Guenter Lewy.

====Deaths by internecine conflicts====  

=====Deaths by internecine conflicts=====

In addition to decimation by war with  European groups (in contrast to those who worked to covert Indians to faith in Christ), armed conflict and ritual violence between Indians themselves are of considerable antiquity in North America. In ''North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence'', it is evidenced that in contrast to revisionist history that tribal warfare was more like football games, recent findings provide more evidence that from antiquity Indians fought each other, that internecine "warfare was ubiquitous; every major culture area of native North America reviewed herein has produced archaeological, ethnohistorical, osteological, or ethnographic evidence of armed conflict and ritual violence." This could involve the taking of human trophies being encouraged before contact with Europeans, and  hostilities that at least among some areas resulted in "the massacre and mutilation of men, women, and children."  

In addition to decimation by war with  European groups (in contrast to those who worked to covert Indians to faith in Christ), armed conflict and ritual violence between Indians themselves are of considerable antiquity in North America. In ''North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence'', it is evidenced that in contrast to revisionist history that tribal warfare was more like football games, recent findings provide more evidence that from antiquity Indians fought each other, that internecine "warfare was ubiquitous; every major culture area of native North America reviewed herein has produced archaeological, ethnohistorical, osteological, or ethnographic evidence of armed conflict and ritual violence." This could involve the taking of human trophies being encouraged before contact with Europeans, and  hostilities that at least among some areas resulted in "the massacre and mutilation of men, women, and children."  

While the effects of wars by European against Indians are not to be minimized, trade with Europeans could reduce  traditional forms of intergroup conflict during the early contact period. However, as unjust warring is the usually the result of lust (Ja, 4:2)  tribal warfare also could shift from "raiding each other based on revenge, and a desire to acquire prestige goods and status, to an extremely violent pattern of engagements arising from unequal access to foreign trade goods and the quest for war booty, revenge killings, status intensification, and slaves", as it did among Northwest Coast Indians.<ref>[http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/catalogs/dlg_show_excerpt.php?id=1872&title=North+American+Indigenous+Warfare+and+Ritual+Violence&subtitle=&author=Edited+by+Richard+J.+Chacon%3B+Rub%E9n+G.+Mendoza ''North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence'', summary]</ref>

While the effects of wars by European against Indians are not to be minimized, trade with Europeans could reduce  traditional forms of intergroup conflict during the early contact period. However, as unjust warring is the usually the result of lust (Ja, 4:2)  tribal warfare also could shift from "raiding each other based on revenge, and a desire to acquire prestige goods and status, to an extremely violent pattern of engagements arising from unequal access to foreign trade goods and the quest for war booty, revenge killings, status intensification, and slaves", as it did among Northwest Coast Indians.<ref>[http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/catalogs/dlg_show_excerpt.php?id=1872&title=North+American+Indigenous+Warfare+and+Ritual+Violence&subtitle=&author=Edited+by+Richard+J.+Chacon%3B+Rub%E9n+G.+Mendoza ''North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence'', summary]</ref>

==Praying Indians==  

==Praying Indians==