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'''Paul Wilhelm Massing''' (30 August 1902 - 30 April 1979) was a [[Germany|German]] sociologist.

'''Paul Wilhelm Massing''' (30 August 1902 - 30 April 1979) was a [[Germany|German]] sociologist.

Born in the Westphalian town of Grumbach. He attended school in Cologne, and later studied economics and social sciences at the Frankfurt School about the same time [[Franz Leopold Neumann|Franz Neumann]] was there.  He graduated in 1926 as a political economist. A year later he studied for one term at the Sorbonne in Paris and prepared his thesis on "agrarian conditions of France in 19th Century and the agrarian program of the French socialist parties". In 1928 he returned to Frankfurt am Main's Goethe University to study with Dr. Wilhelm Gerloff and attained a doctorate.

Born in the Westphalian town of Grumbach. He attended school in Cologne, and later studied economics and social sciences at [[Frankfurt]] University, about the same time [[Franz Leopold Neumann|Franz Neumann]] was there, and at [[Cologne]]'s Handelsschule (a college for business administration).  He graduated in 1926 as Diplom-Kaufmann (today similar to a [[MBA]]). A year later he studied for one term at the Sorbonne in Paris and then at Frankfurt University with Dr. Wilhelm Gerloff, where he attained a doctorate ([[Ph.D.]]) in 1928 with his thesis on "agrarian conditions of France in 19th Century and the agrarian program of the French socialist parties". In Frankfurt Massing also visited Felix Weil's [[Institute for Social Research]] (''[[Frankfurt School]]''). At the end of the 1920 he met his future wife [[Hede Massing]], then married to [[Julian Gumperz]], who taught at the marxist Institute. Hede Massing, a communist from her youth already worked for Soviet intelligence (''[[GRU]]'').

==Comintern career==

==Comintern career==

Afterwards Massing went to [[Moscow]], where he worked until 1931 at the International Agrarian Institute.  When he returned to Germany Massing was active from 1931 to 1933 with the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD) in Berlin. In 1933 Massing he was arrested by the [[National Socialist]]s under the [[Enabling Act]]. After five-month solitary confinement in Oranienburg, Massing wrote his autobiographic novel ''Schutzhäftling 880'', published 1935 under his pseudonym Karl Billinger, dedicated to the comrades in concentration camps.  

Afterwards Massing went to [[Moscow]], where he worked until 1931 at the International Agrarian Institute.  When he returned to Germany, Paul Massing was active from 1931 to 1933 with the illegial ''M'' section of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (''KPD'') in Berlin. After [[Adolf Hitler]]'s ''Machtergreifung'' in 1933 Massing was arrested by the [[National Socialist]]s under the [[Enabling Act]]. He was tortured at ''Columbia House'' and spent five-month in solitary confinement at [[Oranienburg]] [[KZ|Concentrationcamp]]. Massing wrote an autobiographic novel ''Schutzhäftling 880'' about this, it was published in 1935 under his pseudonym Karl Billinger and dedicated to the comrades in concentration camps.  

After his release by an amnesty, he left Germany for Paris and then into the United States.  He returned again to Germany and continued work in the [[Comintern]] underground. In the late 1930s he finally emigrated to the U.S. and lived for a time with his wife [[Hede Massing]] in an old farmhouse Quakerstown, Pennsylvania.

After his release by an amnesty, he left Germany for Paris and then into the United States.  He returned again to Germany and continued work in the [[Comintern]] underground. In the late 1930s he finally emigrated to the U.S. and lived for a time with his wife [[Hede Massing]] in an old farmhouse Quakerstown, Pennsylvania.