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===Insecticides===

===Insecticides===

[[Insecticide]]s known to kill bedbugs include pyrethroids such as  allethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, resmethrin, and tralomethrin. Other chemicals include chlorfenapyr and propoxur - not all of which are EPA approved for consumer use. '<ref>'Bed Bug Increase Due to Pesticide Regulation?'', University of Illinois Extension, Illinois Pesticide Review, May, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/42/33/ Bed Bug Insecticides]</ref> Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do most insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness. Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation. An additional factor is whether an insecticide repels bedbugs (causing migration if not killed), or not.  

[[Insecticide]]s known to kill bedbugs include synthetic pyrethroids such as  allethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, resmethrin, and tralomethrin. Other chemicals include chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos and propoxur, which are not all EPA approved for consumer use due to their hazards to human health. <ref>'Bed Bug Increase Due to Pesticide Regulation?'', University of Illinois Extension, Illinois Pesticide Review, May, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/42/33/ Bed Bug Insecticides]</ref>  

 

 

Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do most insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness. Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation. An additional factor is whether an insecticide repels bedbugs (causing migration if not killed), or not.  

A supplementary type of insecticide are Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s), such as hydroprene (''Gentrol'') and methoprene, which do not actually kill bedbugs, but instead work to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bedbugs, resulting in being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bedbugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref><ref>http://www.zoecon.com/pdfs/GentrolBedBug.pdf</ref>  

A supplementary type of insecticide are Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s), such as hydroprene (''Gentrol'') and methoprene, which do not actually kill bedbugs, but instead work to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bedbugs, resulting in being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bedbugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref><ref>http://www.zoecon.com/pdfs/GentrolBedBug.pdf</ref>  

A relatively new non-pyrethrin material, ''chlorfenapyr'' (marketed as ''Phantom'') has overall greater long term effectiveness than pyrethrins,<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/08/12/the-workmanlike-chlorfenapyr</ref> with bedbug resistance being only a recent development.<ref>http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ipr/i6046_829.html#2</ref> Chlorfenapyris a non-repellent, slower but virulent long-lasting residual killer.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.2002/abstract;jsessionid=0C9A4DABF17CB4DD010C0F263C46D8F3.d01t02  Alvaro Romero, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F Haynes, ''Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L''], Pest Management, Science</ref>  

A relatively new non-pyrethrin material, ''chlorfenapyr'' (marketed as ''Phantom'') has overall greater long term effectiveness than pyrethrins,<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/08/12/the-workmanlike-chlorfenapyr</ref> with bedbug resistance being only a recent development.<ref>http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ipr/i6046_829.html#2</ref> Chlorfenapyr is a non-repellent, slower but virulent long-lasting residual killer.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.2002/abstract;jsessionid=0C9A4DABF17CB4DD010C0F263C46D8F3.d01t02  Alvaro Romero, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F Haynes, ''Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L''], Pest Management, Science</ref>  

Chlorfenapyr is part of a new class of chemicals called ''pyrroles'', which are technically pro-insecticide, meaning  the biological activity depends on its activation to another chemical, in the case of bedbugs leads to lethargy and death. However, Phantom is not legal for sale to consumers in AK, CT, NY, MA, SC, and "is intended for use by individuals/ firms licensed or registered by the state to apply termiticide and general pest control products as a spot or crack and crevice spray"<ref>http://store.parsonspestcontrol.com/msds/Phantom_Label.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.domyownpestcontrol.com/phantom-termiticideinsecticide-p-209.html</ref> And as it may require ten or more days to kill the bugs, during which the insect may still be active and females may wander and deposit viable eggs in other locations.  

Chlorfenapyr is part of a new class of chemicals called ''pyrroles'', which are technically pro-insecticide, meaning  the biological activity depends on its activation to another chemical, in the case of bedbugs leads to lethargy and death. However, Phantom is not legal for sale to consumers in AK, CT, NY, MA, SC, and "is intended for use by individuals/ firms licensed or registered by the state to apply termiticide and general pest control products as a spot or crack and crevice spray"<ref>http://store.parsonspestcontrol.com/msds/Phantom_Label.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.domyownpestcontrol.com/phantom-termiticideinsecticide-p-209.html</ref> And as it may require ten or more days to kill the bugs, during which the insect may still be active and females may wander and deposit viable eggs in other locations.  

Currently, microencapsulated materials such as contain esfenvalerate (''Onslaught'') or lamba-cyhalothrin (''Demand CS'') may offer the ''rapid'' reduction of susceptible populations.<ref>http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/bedbugs</ref>  

Currently, microencapsulated materials such as contain esfenvalerate (''Onslaught'') or lamba-cyhalothrin (''Demand CS'') may offer the ''rapid'' reduction of susceptible populations.<ref>http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/bedbugs </ref>  

Also reported effective against some pyrethroid-resistant bugs were two pyrethroid-based dusts, (''Tempo Dust;'' ''Drione'') as well as diatomaceous earth.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/05/22/finally-researchers-on-the-efficacy-of-dusts/</ref>

Also reported effective against some pyrethroid-resistant bugs were two pyrethroid-based dusts, (''Tempo Dust;'' ''Drione'') as well as diatomaceous earth.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/05/22/finally-researchers-on-the-efficacy-of-dusts/</ref>