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''3. Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?''  

''3. Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?''  

Charles Martel (c.688-741), or Charles the Hammer, had been a ''majordomo'' under the Frankish Merovingian dynasty. Following the Frankish civil war between Prince Ragenfrid and Dagobert III, he became ''Regnum Francorum'' (King of the Franks) in 737; although he rejected a higher title of ''Consul Francorum'' offered by the Pope. From 718-732 he subjugated the neighbouring Saxons and Alemanni, winning a battle at the Teutoberg Forest where Emperor Augustus' 45,000 troops had been annihilated 709 years previously. At the Battle of Tours in 732, Charles Martel and Odo of Bordeaux defeated the forces of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Emir of Cordoba, who was striking north into Europe from the Caliphate. The Battle of Tours effectively ceased Islamic permeation of Europe. It is worth noting that Charles' son, Pepin the Short, was crowned by Pope Stephen II as ''Patricius Romanorum'', or Protector of the Romans; a precursor for the soon-to-appear "Holy Roman Emperor".  

Charles Martel (c.688-741), or Charles the Hammer, had been a ''majordomo'' under the Frankish Merovingian dynasty. Following the Frankish civil war between Prince Ragenfrid and Dagobert III, he became ''Regnum Francorum'' (King of the Franks) in 737; although he rejected a higher title of ''Consul Francorum'' offered by the Pope. From 718-732 he subjugated the neighbouring Saxons and Alemanni, winning a battle at the Teutoberg Forest where Emperor Augustus' 45,000 troops had been annihilated 709 years previously. At the Battle of Tours on October 10th 732 (the same day I am submitting this homework!), Charles Martel and Odo of Bordeaux defeated the forces of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Emir of Cordoba, who was striking north into Europe from the Caliphate. The Battle of Tours effectively ceased Islamic permeation of Europe. It is worth noting that Charles' son, Pepin the Short, was crowned by Pope Stephen II as ''Patricius Romanorum'', or Protector of the Romans; a precursor for the soon-to-appear "Holy Roman Emperor".  

The Carolingian Dynasty was a Frankish noble family which emerged in the seventh century AD. The name is a derivative of ''karolingi'', a hybrid of medieval Latin and Old German meaning "descendant of Charles" (Charles Martel) - the name was applied retrospectively. In 751 the Carolingian Dynasty was officially acknowledged as superior to the Merovingian Dynasty when Charles Martel's son, Pepin the Short, was crowned ''Dux Francorum et Patricius Romanorum'' by the Pope. Arguably the most famous Carolingian was Charlemagne, and after his death and the division of the new ''Imperium Romanorum'' following the 818 Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingians were pushed out of political power in the ''Regnum Francorum'' (Kingdom of the Franks), ''Regnum Burgundinae'' (Kingdom of Burgundy), and the ''Regnum Teutoricum'' (Kingdom of the Germans; Holy Roman Empire from 962). In 1122 the last members of the Carolingian Court, Odo and Adelaide of Vermandois, died.

The Carolingian Dynasty was a Frankish noble family which emerged in the seventh century AD. The name is a derivative of ''karolingi'', a hybrid of medieval Latin and Old German meaning "descendant of Charles" (Charles Martel) - the name was applied retrospectively. In 751 the Carolingian Dynasty was officially acknowledged as superior to the Merovingian Dynasty when Charles Martel's son, Pepin the Short, was crowned ''Dux Francorum et Patricius Romanorum'' by the Pope. Arguably the most famous Carolingian was Charlemagne, and after his death and the division of the new ''Imperium Romanorum'' following the 818 Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingians were pushed out of political power in the ''Regnum Francorum'' (Kingdom of the Franks), ''Regnum Burgundinae'' (Kingdom of Burgundy), and the ''Regnum Teutoricum'' (Kingdom of the Germans; Holy Roman Empire from 962). In 1122 the last members of the Carolingian Court, Odo and Adelaide of Vermandois, died.