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| | |(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") | | |(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") |
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| − | |[[Cortes]] | + | |[[Hernando Cortes]] |
| − | |Led the conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire. | + | |aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place |
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| | + | |Francisco Pizzaro |
| | + | |also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas. |
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| | + | |encomiendas |
| | + | |beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery. |
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| | + | |repartimientos |
| | + | |1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, a new Spanish system of repartimientos replaced it by supposedly limiting the amount of labor and requiring payment to the workers, and also requiring an application for approval by the king |
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| | + | |John Cabot |
| | + | |1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England |
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| | + | |Jacques Cartier |
| | + | |1534, 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America |
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| | |[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar) | | |[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar) |
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| | |Ferdinand Magellan | | |Ferdinand Magellan |
| | |1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey. | | |1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey. |
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| | + | |Results of Magellan's voyage |
| | + | |Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru; Spain also obtained control over the Philippines in the Far East. |
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| | |[[Otto von Bismarck]] | | |[[Otto von Bismarck]] |