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Dewey taught philosophy at the University of Michigan until 1894, when he was called to the University of Chicago, where President W. R. Harper was creating overnight one of the world's two or three greatest universities.  Dewey headed the School of Education, and worked closely with philosophers and with the intellectuals based at [[Hull House]].  His now adopted the philosophy of [[pragmatism]] that had been developed by [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and [[William James]]. By 1903 the "Chicago school" of Pragmatic Instrumentalism was in full swing, and the educational experiments initiated in Dewey's "laboratory school" were beginning to influence educational theory at leading universities. After fighting with Harper Dewey went to Columbia University in 1904, where he was based until his retirement in 1930. Worldwide recognition was seen in his invitations to consult on educational policy with emerging nations, notably China, Japan, Turkey, Mexico, and the Soviet Union.

Dewey taught philosophy at the University of Michigan until 1894, when he was called to the University of Chicago, where President W. R. Harper was creating overnight one of the world's two or three greatest universities.  Dewey headed the School of Education, and worked closely with philosophers and with the intellectuals based at [[Hull House]].  His now adopted the philosophy of [[pragmatism]] that had been developed by [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and [[William James]]. By 1903 the "Chicago school" of Pragmatic Instrumentalism was in full swing, and the educational experiments initiated in Dewey's "laboratory school" were beginning to influence educational theory at leading universities. After fighting with Harper Dewey went to Columbia University in 1904, where he was based until his retirement in 1930. Worldwide recognition was seen in his invitations to consult on educational policy with emerging nations, notably China, Japan, Turkey, Mexico, and the Soviet Union.

===Anti-Communism===

===Anti-Stalinism===

Dewey played a major role in stopping Communist infiltration of the American intellectual community and in developing a liberal anti-Communist policy. He generally supported American foreign policy, including both World Wars, and was a strong opponent of both the Soviets and the Nazis.  His argument that true liberals have to reject cooperation with Communists became the dominant liberal position in the late 1930s.

Dewey played a major role in stopping Stalinist infiltration of the American intellectual community and in developing an anti-Stalinist policy. He generally supported American foreign policy, including both World Wars, and was a strong opponent of both the Soviets and the Nazis.  His argument that true liberals have to reject cooperation with Stalinists became a dominant position in the late 1930s, including among some liberals.

Dewey was a longtime supporter of labor unions and in 1932-33 played a key role in purging Communists from the teachers' union, arguing they were not truly dedicated to education. He rejected the Communist position that the purpose of the union is to join the "class war" in order to promote the "cause of workers against employers." Nevertheless the Communists took control of the union and in 1935 Dewey helped start the Teachers Guild, a new anti-Communist union for teachers in New York City.  In 1935 the national union expelled the Communist local and made Dewey's Teachers Guild the official union.

Dewey was a longtime supporter of labor unions and in 1932-33 played a key role in purging Communists from the teachers' union, arguing they were not truly dedicated to education. He rejected the then current Stalinist position that the purpose of the union is to join the "[[class war]]" in order to promote the "cause of workers against employers." Nevertheless the Communists took control of the union and in 1935 Dewey helped start the Teachers Guild, a new anti-Stalinist union for teachers in New York City.  In 1935 the national union expelled the Communist local and made Dewey's Teachers Guild the official union.

Dewey chaired the 1937 “trial” of [[Leon Trotsky]], held in Mexico City during the [[Great purge]]. The trial absolved Trotsky of attempting to assassinate [[Joseph Stalin]] and incite war against the Soviet Union.<ref>Isaac Deutscher, The Great Purges, edited by Tamara Deutscher (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1984), p. 7.</ref> Overall, the hearings constituted a decisive moment in American liberalism, which had previously been uncritical in  its praise of Soviet Communism. By the time of the trial. Dewey and many American liberals began to examine the Russian Revolution more closely and became convinced of its corruption.<ref> Jay Martin, "John Dewey and the Trial of Leon Trotsky," ''Partisan Review'' 2001 68(4): 519-535. 0031-2525 </ref> At no time in his career was Dewey a [[Marxist]]; indeed he was a sharp, hostile critic of Marx.

Dewey chaired the 1937 “trial” of [[Leon Trotsky]], held in Mexico City during the [[Great purge]]. The trial absolved Trotsky of attempting to assassinate [[Joseph Stalin]] and incite war against the Soviet Union.<ref>Isaac Deutscher, The Great Purges, edited by Tamara Deutscher (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1984), p. 7.</ref> Overall, the hearings constituted a decisive moment in American liberalism, which had previously been uncritical in  its praise of Soviet Communism. By the time of the trial. Dewey and many American liberals began to examine the Russian Revolution more closely and became convinced of its corruption.<ref> Jay Martin, "John Dewey and the Trial of Leon Trotsky," ''Partisan Review'' 2001 68(4): 519-535. 0031-2525 </ref> At no time in his career was Dewey a [[Marxist]]; indeed he was a sharp, hostile critic of Marx.