Justin I

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Emperor Justin I
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Eastern Roman Emperor
Reign 9 July 518 – 1 August 527
Coronation 10 July 518
Predecessor Anastasius I
Successor Justinian I
Born c. 450
Bederiana, Dardania
Died 1 August 527 (aged c. 77)
Constantinople
Spouse Euphemia
Dynasty Justinian dynasty
Nephew and adopted heir Justinian I
Known For Restoration of communion with Rome; religious policy favouring the Council of Chalcedon; establishment of the succession of Justinian I

Justin I (Latin: Iustinus; c. 450 – 1 August 527) was Eastern Roman emperor from 518 until his death in 527. He succeeded Anastasius I and was succeeded by his nephew and adopted heir Justinian I. Originally a soldier of humble provincial background, Justin rose through the ranks of the imperial army to become commander of the palace guard before his elevation to the throne. His reign saw a major change in imperial religious policy, the restoration of communion with the Papacy, and the beginning of a renewed period of conflict with the Sasanian Empire.[1][2]

Early Life and Military Career

Justin was born around 450 in Bederiana, in the region of Dardania. The sixth-century chronicler John Malalas describes him as a Thracian from Bederiana, while Procopius identifies him and his companions as Illyrian farmers. Modern historian Anthony Kaldellis examines these descriptions in the context of the overlapping Thracian and Illyrian identities of the Balkan provinces and the ethnic politics of the imperial military establishment. Justin's origins are therefore best understood within the Thracian-Illyrian population of the region, rather than being determined simply by the provincial location of his birthplace.[2][3]

Justin came from a humble rural background. As a young man, he travelled to Constantinople in search of military employment, arriving around 470. He enlisted in the imperial army and eventually entered the palace guard. He distinguished himself through military service during the reign of Anastasius I, including campaigns against the Isaurians and the Persians.

He rose through the military hierarchy to become comes excubitorum, or Count of the Excubitors, the commander of the imperial household troops. This position gave him considerable influence over the security of the emperor and the political affairs of the imperial court. He also attained senatorial rank.

Ancient chroniclers describe Justin as illiterate, a circumstance which contrasted with the extensive education normally associated with the imperial administration. Nevertheless, his military experience, personal connections, and command of the palace guard enabled him to become one of the most powerful men in Constantinople.[1][2]

Justin was married to a woman originally known as Lupicina, who became Empress Euphemia following his accession. His nephew, Petrus Sabbatius, the son of his sister Vigilantia and her husband Sabbatius, was subsequently adopted by Justin and became known as Justinian.[4]

Accession to the Throne

When Emperor Anastasius I died on 9 July 518, he left no designated successor. Several members of his family were potential candidates, but none had secured sufficient political or military support to take the throne.

Justin, as commander of the Excubitors, possessed a particularly advantageous position. Following a period of political manoeuvring among the imperial officials and military factions, he was proclaimed emperor and received the support of the Senate and the people. His formal coronation was conducted by Patriarch John II on 10 July 518.[1][5]

According to John Malalas, the imperial chamberlain Amantius had attempted to secure the elevation of his preferred candidate, Theocritus, by entrusting money to Justin for distribution among the troops. Justin distributed the money, but the soldiers and people instead acclaimed him emperor. Amantius and Theocritus were subsequently executed.[2][5]

The accession of Justin established a new imperial ruling house, subsequently known as the Justinian dynasty after his nephew and successor.

Religious Policy and Relations with Rome

One of the most consequential acts of Justin's reign was the restoration of communion between Constantinople and Rome, ending the Acacian Schism which had divided the churches for approximately thirty-five years.

The dispute had originated during the reign of Zeno, whose Henotikon attempted to reconcile competing theological factions following the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The compromise had alienated the bishops of Rome, who rejected the document and its failure to affirm the authority of Chalcedon.

Following his accession, Justin pursued a different religious policy. He entered into negotiations with Pope Hormisdas, accepting the papal doctrinal formula known as the Libellus Hormisdae. The settlement required recognition of the Council of Chalcedon and repudiation of those ecclesiastical figures regarded by Rome as having opposed its decisions. The agreement was formally achieved in 519, restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople.[1][6]

The settlement also had serious consequences for Christians in the eastern provinces who rejected Chalcedonian doctrine. The imperial government sought to enforce the new religious settlement, requiring bishops to accept the papal formula. Those who refused were frequently removed from office or driven into exile.

Severus of Antioch, a prominent opponent of Chalcedon, fled to Egypt during the first year of Justin's reign, amid fears concerning the influence of the general Vitalian. Other non-Chalcedonian clergy likewise resisted the new ecclesiastical arrangements. The enforcement of the settlement contributed to a widening division between Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian Christians in the East.[2][6]

Justin's religious policy is interpreted differently by modern historians. Traditional accounts emphasize his personal adherence to Chalcedonian Christianity. However, Volker Menze has argued that his acceptance of the papal formula also served important political purposes, particularly the restoration of relations with Rome and the consolidation of imperial authority.[1][6]

Visit of Pope John I and His Imprisonment

The religious policies of Justin also affected the political relationship between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy, ruled by Theoderic the Great. Theoderic was an adherent of Arianism and regarded the imperial measures against Arians in the East as a threat to his fellow-believers and to the religious settlement maintained within his own kingdom.[7][8]

In late 525, Theoderic summoned Pope John I to Ravenna and ordered him to lead an embassy to Constantinople. The delegation included several bishops and prominent Roman senators. Its principal purpose was to persuade Justin to relax his measures against the Arians, restore their churches, and permit those who had entered into communion with the Catholic Church to return to their former Arian allegiance. Theoderic also threatened reprisals against Catholics in Italy should the emperor refuse his demands.[9][10][11]

According to the Anonymus Valesianus, John was unwilling to promise Theoderic in advance that he would secure the restoration of converts to Arianism. Nevertheless, he undertook the embassy. Justin received the pope with exceptional honour, meeting him as though he were Saint Peter. The emperor granted concessions concerning Arian worship and the churches, but refused to permit those who had embraced the Catholic faith to be restored to Arianism. The pope also celebrated Easter at the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople in April 526, in a public demonstration of ecclesiastical communion between Rome and Constantinople.[9][11][10]

The embassy's reception had significant political implications. Peter Sarris observes that John returned to Italy having failed to secure the full religious concessions sought by Theoderic, while having received extraordinary honours from Justin and publicly participated in the emperor's religious settlement. Theoderic could consequently regard the pope's conduct as an alignment with Constantinople rather than the faithful execution of an Ostrogothic diplomatic commission. The wider political significance of papal journeys to Constantinople, including their implications for the competing claims of Ravenna and the Eastern Empire over Italy, has also been examined by Marco Cristini.[7][8]

Upon his return to Italy in May 526, John was received by Theoderic with hostility and immediately imprisoned at Ravenna. The Anonymus Valesianus states that Theoderic received him cum dolo (with deceit) and ordered that he remain under royal displeasure. The Liber Pontificalis likewise describes Theoderic's reception of the pope and his accompanying senators as deceitful and hateful, recording that the king would have had them put to death but feared the reaction of Justin. John died in confinement shortly afterwards, traditionally dated to 18 May 526.[9][10][11]

The treatment of John is consistent with Theoderic regarding the pope as a politically disloyal envoy, or even as a suspected agent of the imperial government. This suspicion must be understood against the background of growing hostility between Ravenna and Constantinople and Theoderic's increasingly severe treatment of Roman senators suspected of maintaining relations with the Eastern court. The imprisonment and death of John thus went beyond punishment for an unsuccessful diplomatic mission: they reflected the king's suspicion that the pope's position and conduct had compromised the political interests of the Ostrogothic kingdom. Although no surviving source records a formal treason trial or conviction against John, his treatment was effectively that of a man suspected of disloyalty to his sovereign.[7][9] ```

Foreign Relations and Conflict with Persia

Relations between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire became increasingly strained during Justin's reign.

The Persian king Kavadh I proposed that Justin adopt his son, the future Khosrow I, thereby creating a diplomatic relationship between the two ruling houses. The negotiations encountered difficulties, and the proposal ultimately failed. The dispute contributed to worsening relations between the two empires.[12][13]

The status of the Caucasian kingdoms, particularly Lazica and Iberia, also became a source of contention. These territories were strategically important to both powers, and competition for influence there contributed to the deterioration of Roman-Persian relations.

Open warfare developed in the final years of Justin's reign and continued under Justinian. The resulting conflict became one of the principal military challenges inherited by the new emperor.[14][12]

Justinian and the Succession

Justin took considerable interest in the advancement of his nephew, Justinian I, whom he had adopted and brought to Constantinople for an education and career in imperial service.

Justinian was promoted rapidly through the imperial administration. He became consul in 521 and subsequently attained senior military and court appointments. His growing influence made him the principal candidate for succession.

The precise extent of Justinian's authority during his uncle's reign has been the subject of historical debate. Justinian became increasingly prominent in imperial government and was already an influential figure before his formal elevation to co-emperor in 527. The historian Procopius, whose writings are among the most important sources for the period, portrayed Justin as increasingly dependent upon his nephew. This interpretation has encouraged subsequent accounts to treat Justinian as the effective ruler long before his formal accession.

However, the close political relationship between the two emperors may be better understood in the context of their common family background and shared outlook. Both came from the Thracian-Illyrian provinces and were associated with the Roman military tradition which had supplied emperors and senior commanders for generations. Both demonstrated a strong attachment to Roman political and religious traditions. Their continuity of policy therefore need not indicate that Justinian was directing an otherwise passive uncle; it may equally reflect a common understanding of imperial government, with Justinian carrying forward the principles and ambitions of the older emperor.

The distinction is important. Justinian did not simply emerge to replace a ruler whose policies were his own creation. The nephew's subsequent achievements can also be viewed as the continuation and enlargement of the work begun under Justin. In that sense, Justin's influence survived his death through the emperor he had educated, advanced, adopted, and prepared to succeed him.[1][3][15]

On 1 April 527, Justin formally elevated Justinian to the position of co-emperor, making the succession official. Justin died on 1 August 527 at Constantinople, leaving Justinian as sole emperor.[1]

Historical Significance

Although Justin's reign is frequently overshadowed by the much longer and more celebrated reign of his nephew, it was an important period in the development of the Eastern Roman Empire.

His accession ended the previous imperial administration and established a new ruling dynasty. His religious settlement restored communion with Rome and reversed the religious direction of the preceding reign, although its enforcement deepened divisions among eastern Christians.

Justin also provided the political and administrative foundation for Justinian's succession. The transition between the two emperors enabled Justinian to inherit an established administration while continuing the religious and foreign policies initiated under his uncle.

Justin's reign therefore represents an important transition in late Roman history, connecting the reign of Anastasius I with the major political, military, legal, and religious developments of the sixth century under Justinian.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Averil Cameron, "Justin I and Justinian," in The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV, Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600, edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby (Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 63–85. DOI.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 John Malalas, Chronographia, Book XVII, in The Chronicle of John Malalas, translated by Elizabeth Jeffreys, Michael Jeffreys, and Roger Scott (Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Anthony Kaldellis, "Leo I, Ethnic Politics and the Beginning of Justin I's Career," Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta, Vol. 55 (2018), pp. 9–17. DOI.
  4. ↑ Geoffrey Greatrex, "Euphemia (wife of Justin I)," An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors, 16 January 2000. [1].
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History, Book IV, chapters 1–3, translated by Michael Whitby (Liverpool University Press, 2000). Publication record.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Volker L. Menze, Justinian and the Making of the Syrian Orthodox Church (Oxford University Press, 2008), chapter 1, pp. 12–57. Chapter.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Peter Sarris, Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500–700 (Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 109–111.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Marco Cristini, "Sailing to Byzantium: Sixth-Century Popes under Threat in Constantinople," in Sabine Panzram and Pablo Poveda Arias (eds.), Bishops under Threat: Contexts and Episcopal Strategies in the Late Antique and Early Medieval West (Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2023), pp. 183–204, especially pp. 193–196. DOI.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Anonymus Valesianus, Pars Posterior (Chronica Theodericiana), sections 15.91–93. See also the Latin text, online transcription.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Louise Ropes Loomis (trans.), The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis), Vol. I (New York: Columbia University Press, 1916), biography of John I, pp. 132–134.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Vol. II (London: Macmillan, 1923), Chapter XVIII, section 1, pp. 156–157.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nikolaus Schindel, "Kawād I i. Reign," Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2 (2013), pp. 136–141. [2].
  13. ↑ Procopius of Caesarea, History of the Wars, Book I, chapter 11, translated by H. B. Dewing, Loeb Classical Library (Harvard University Press).
  14. ↑ Erich Kettenhofen, "Justinian I," Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 3 (2009), pp. 257–262, updated 14 May 2018. [3].
  15. ↑ Brian Croke, "Justinian under Justin: Reconfiguring a Reign," Byzantinische Zeitschrift, Vol. 100, No. 1 (2007), pp. 13–56. DOI.

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