Taiwan
Taiwan is an island nation in East Asia and has served as the seat of the Republic of China (Free China) since 1949. Known for its natural beauty, the country is 245 miles long and 89 miles wide, with a steep central mountain range and plains on the west coast. The capital city is Taipei (Tai2 bei3 台北）in the north of the island, territory originally inhabited by Ketagalan tribes.
History
Pre-historically, Taiwan's inhabitants were the indigenous tribespeople, who today still make up around 2% of the entire Taiwanese population, analogous to first nation Americans. This changed with the arrival of Han Chinese invaders in the Ming dynasty, who swiftly lost control of the island to Dutch explorers, who colonised the island in 1624. They imported many Chinese labourers to work for them, from the southern provinces of the mainland, especially from Fujian, who then settled, accounting for the modern Taiwanese language, related closely to Fujian dialects. The Dutch were forced to leave by the Ming pirate, Zheng Chenggong, or Guoxingye (sometimes known as Koxinga), in 1662, hoping to create a bastion of Ming supporters to try to oust the then-reigning Manchu Qing dynasty, similar to the situation 400 years later under Jiang Jieshi. The island surrendered to Qing forces under Zheng's grandson in 1683, leading to a period of Manchu-Chinese control of the island until the First Sino-Japanese war and the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Taiwan was governed by Japan from 1894 to 1945. Unlike Japan's occupation of other Asian areas, Nipponese presence in Taiwan was largely beneficial to the Han Chinese and most later inhabitants, modernising transport and improving many aspects of daily life. This civilizing effect of Japanese occupation allowed the people of Taiwan to make great social and technological advances, although many indigenous tribes, especially the Atayal, who were head-hunters, of the northern part of the island, resisted the Japanese. Subsequent to World War II, Taiwan was returned to China; in 1949 the Republican government withdrew to Taiwan following the victory of the Communists in the civil war in mainland China.
Economy
Taiwan is an important world manufacturer of computer chips and components and consumer electronics.
Politics
The Taiwanese people enjoy a free market economy, and its democratic government provides freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and universal health care. During the Cold War, the Republic of China was recognized by most of the world as the sole legitimate government of China and a bastion of freedom against Communist oppression on the mainland. However, the Communist bloc gained enough votes in 1971 to eject Free China from the UN and the Western bloc derecognized Free China en masse. The Republic of China has been unsuccessful in its repeated attempts to rejoin the United Nations. Under the administration of Jimmy Carter, the United States broke relations with Free China and established them with Communist China in 1979. In the United States, both Democrat and Republican administrations have blocked the efforts of the Taiwanese people to seek Taiwan’s entry on the world stage and refuse to use its official name - the Republic of China -- in official contexts.
This, however, is but a part of Taiwan's complex political situation. There are several Taiwanese independence movements in various communities, including the various aboriginal tribes and the semi-native Taiwanese-speaking communities whose descendants arrived much earlier than the Nationalist move, and the many social groups of Taiwan all seemingly wish to go in a different direction to each other. Despite this, the island is very peaceful, and one of the safest countries in Asia.
Chinese Claim and Counterclaim
Both the ROC and the PRC claim sovereignty over all of China.
Though Taiwan exhibits all of the characteristics of a sovereign nation, the People's Republic of China makes a claim to all of Taiwan's territory, and asserts that Taiwan is merely a territory of the Communist China. Meanwhile, the Republic of China, which governs Taiwan, was founded in 1912, predating the Communist regime, and continues to assert its claim to the entirety of mainland China, as well as Tibet and the entirety of Mongolia, which were both previously ruled under the Qing dynasty government, the latter being territory that is unclaimed by the People's Republic.