Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was the atheistic father of psychoanalysis. He was a professor in Vienna, Austria. In 1938 he fled the Nazis by traveling to England, where he was welcomed and made popular.
Freud proposed that the human psyche consists of three parts -- Ego, super-ego, and id -- and that defense mechanisms are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. Critics of Freud point out that he fabricated some of his data in order to make some of his claims.
Late in life, Freud asked his doctor to kill him, which his doctor did.