Gregor Mendel
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Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was an Austrian monk. He studied math and science at the University of Vienna after becoming a priest. Then he worked as a high school teacher in a monastery, and tended the monastery garden.
He is most well known for his genetic experiments with pea plants. Mendel cross-pollinated pea plants of different characteristics and recorded the characteristics of their offspring. Through recording the traits of several generations, Mendel came up with Mendel's principles of genetics.
References
Miller, Kenneth, et. al. Biology. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2006.