Timbuktu
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Timbuktu was a prominent city on the Niger River in the modern West African country of Mali. It was a city populated by the Songhay, Tuareg, Fulani, and Moorish people. It was founded by the Tuareg sometime after 1000 A.D. and became a center of Islamic learning. It fell into decline when the Spanish invaded. It has never recovered its former glory.
Sources
The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History, Bulliet et al, 2005.