Haskell
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Haskell is a pure functional programming language with roots in category theory. Free and open source implementations are available for a variety of operating systems.
Functions in Haskell
Functions are the most important idea in Haskell. A function takes a single value as input and returns a single value as output. Clearly it is often desirable to take in more than one argument or give out more than one. This can be done using tuples or lists but there is a very mathematically elegant and useful method called currying, named for the logician Haskell Curry.
Hello World
(display "hello world\n")