Hubble constant

After astronomers realised that the universe is expanding they introduced the Hubble constant as the measure of speed of this expansion as a ratio of assumed recession velocity of galaxies to their distance. The Hubble constant equals approximately, for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v<<c}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_o=v/c/r} ,

where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v} is assumed speed of recession of a galaxy, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle c} , speed of light in vacuum, combined with Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v} producing "redshift" Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z=v/c} , and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle r} is distance from the observer to the observed galaxy, and its exact value turned out to be

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_o=c/R_E} ,

where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R_E} is Einstein's radius of universe. Present observations indicate that the Hubble constant is about 70km/s/Mpc.

The recessional velocity turned out not to be proportional to the distance though and so the Hubble constant is refered to the the nearest galaxies for which it may be considered to be relatively constant.

The Essay:Problems in Cosmology explains the possibility of the Hubble constant being a feature of universe that is stationary (neither expanding nor contracting) and the recessional velocity of galaxies being an illusion caused by the time runing slower at the deep space galaxies than in our Galaxy which mimics the accelerating expansion.

The observations of cosmological redshifts are consistent with the universe being stationary and quasars being local rather than remote objects as already suggested by Halton Arp .