=== Daniel Philpott, Professor of Political Science and Peace Studies at Notre Dame ===
Daniel Philpott, Professor of Political Science and Peace Studies and Director of the Center for Civil and Human Rights at the [[University of Notre Dame]] wrote:
{{Cquote|At least three ingredients are critical to the validity of human rights. First, human rights require universal moral norms, since they are claims that every human makes upon every other human being. No person, non-state group, or political regime may torture another person or deliberately take the life of a civilian, for instance. These claims must be true for everyone, or they are not human rights.