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{{Country| bordername ="1" alignConfederate States of America|map =|map2 =|established =February 4, 1861|dissolved =May 10, 1865|flag =CSAnational3.png|arms =ConfederateStatesofAmericaSeal.jpg|capital =Richmond, Virginia|capital-raw =|government =Republic|government-raw =|language =|king =|queen =|monarch-raw =|governor general=|governor general-raw=|president =Jefferson Davis|president-raw =|chancellor =|chancellor-raw =|pm =|pm-raw =|chairman =|general secretary=|governor =|governor-raw =|premier =|premier-raw =|area =770,425 sq mi|pop =9,103,332|pop-basis =1860|gdp =|gdp-year =|gdp-pc =|currency =Confederate dollar|idd =|tld =}}The '''Confederate States of America''' (informally, the ''Confederacy'') was a government created from an alliance of eleven southern states which had seceded from the [[United States]] between December 1860 and April 1861. The [[American Civil War]] that was begun by the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter proved disastrous; four years of savage fighting ended with the fledgling government defeated and dissolved, and left the southern states a financial and industrial wreck. The main reason for secession was to preserve slavery—but all the slaves were emancipated with no compensation to the owners. After the war, the states were later readmitted during [[Reconstruction]]. For the social, political, economic and diplomatic history see [[American Civil War homefront]]. ==Beginnings==Seven southern states seceded from the [[United States of America]] over the winter of 1860-61 and joined together as the "rightConfederate States of America" cellpaddingto protect their sovereignty and economic status. They saw that the antislavery forces in the North were gaining strength, typified by the election as president of [[Abraham Lincoln]] in 1860. The political future for slavery and for Southern commerce was bleak, as the South was losing relative strength in Congress. Arguing that their Constitutional [[states' rights]] protected the extension of slavery into America's western territories, they saw that issue rejected in the North. The Union government rejected the claims that a state had a right to secede. When fighting began in April Lincoln called on all states to send troops; at this point four more states broke away and joined the Confederacy, Virginia, North Cariolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. Of the 15 slave states, four remained in the United States: [[Delaware]], [[Kentucky]], [[Maryland]] and [[Missouri]]. Residents of the latter three states raised [[regiment]]s for the Confederacy, although not as an official act of their governments. In addition, Kentucky and Missouri saw the establishment of Confederate legislatures within their borders which sent delegates to the Confederate Congress. [[West Virginia]] broke away from Virginia during the war and joined the Union as a state. The president of the Confederate States of America was [[Jefferson Davis]], a former [[Secretary of War]] under President [[Franklin Pierce]] and Senator from [[Mississippi]]. [[Richmond, Virginia]] became the capital of the Confederacy after that state seceded. It was a poor choice for a war capital because it was hard to supply and hard to defend. Starting in 1862 General [[Robert E. Lee]] led the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia against the Union armies, which were led by various generals appointed by [[Abraham Lincoln]], with the last, and most successful being General [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. Lee proved a tenacious defender of Richmond, which had an exposed position and a long, difficult supply line. Grant wore down Lee's army, which was unable to replace its casualties, supplies, and desertions. ="=Geography==The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2" cellspacing,919 miles (4,698 km) of coastline. A large part of this territory lay on the sea coast with level and sandy ground. The interior portions were hilly and mountainous, and the far western territories were deserts. The lower reaches of the [[Mississippi River]] bisected the country, with the western half referred to as the Trans-Mississippi.  ="0" width="250" style="marginClimate===Much of the area claimed by the CSA had a humid subtropical climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate varied to semi-leftarid steppe and arid desert west of longitude 96 degrees west. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed infectious diseases to flourish. Consequently, disease killed more soldiers than did enemy action. ===River system===In peacetime, the vast system of navigable rivers allowed for cheap and easy transportation of farm products. The railroad system was built as a supplement, tying plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport. The vast geography made for difficult Union logistics, and Union soldiers were used to garrison captured areas and protect rail lines. But the [[Union Navy]] seized most of the navigable rivers by 1862, making its own logistics easy and Confederate movements difficult. After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, it became impossible for units of any size to cross the Mississippi since Union gunboats constantly patrolled it. The South thus lost use of its western regions. ===Rural areas===The area claimed by the Confederate States of America was overwhelmingly rural. Small towns of more than 1,000 were few — the typical county seat had a population of less than 500 people. Cities were rare. New Orleans was the only Southern city in the list of top 10 largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, and it was captured by the Union in 1862. Only 13 Confederate cities ranked among the top 100 U.S. cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities were shut down by the [[Union blockade]]. The population of Richmond swelled after it became the national capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864 (Dabney 1990:5px"182). Other large Southern cities such as Baltimore, St. Louis, Louisville, and Washington, as well as Wheeling, West Virginia, and Alexandria, Virginia (both located in territory that had officially seceded), were never under the control of the Confederate government. {{clear}}{|class="wikitable" align="center" colspan|- style="2background: #efefef;"|! # !! City !! 1860 Population !! [[Image:Cwlogo.pngList of United States metropolitan statistical areas by population|200pxUS Rank]]| return to USA control

!colspan| style="2background: #efefef;" align| 1.| [[New Orleans]], Louisiana| style="centertext-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 168,675| style="colortext-align: whiteright; heightpadding-right: 30px; background: gray no-repeat scroll top left1em;"|The Civil War61861 - 1865| 1862

!colspan| style="background: #efefef;" | 2.| [[Charleston]], South Carolina| style=" text-align="center: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 40,522| style="colortext-align: whiteright; heightpadding-right: 30px; background: gray no-repeat scroll top left1em;"|Confederate States of America22| 1865

|Createdstyle="background: #efefef;" | 3.|February 4[[Richmond, 1861Virginia]]| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 37,910| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 25| 1865

|Endedstyle="background: #efefef;" | 4.|April 9[[Mobile]], Alabama| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 29,258| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 27| 1865

|Presidentstyle="background: #efefef;" | 5.|[[Jefferson DavisMemphis]], Tennessee| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 22,623| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 38| 1862

|Secretary of Warstyle="background: #efefef;" | 6.|Leroy Pope Walker[[Savannah]], Judah P. BenjaminGeorgia| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 22, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, John C. Breckinridge292| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 41| 1864

|Secretary of the Navystyle="background: #efefef;" | 7.| [[Petersburg]], Virginia| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 18,266| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 50|Stephan Mallory1865

|Secretary of Statestyle="background: #efefef;" | 8.|Robert Toombs[[Nashville]], Robert MTennessee| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 16,988| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 54| 1862|-| style="background: #efefef;" | 9.T| [[Norfolk]], Virginia| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 14,620| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 61| 1862|-| style="background: #efefef;" | 10. Hunter| [[Augusta]], Judah PGeorgia| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 12,493| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 77| 1865|-| style="background: #efefef;" | 11. Benjamin| [[Columbus]], Georgia| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 9,621| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 97| 1865|-| style="background: #efefef;" | 12.| [[Atlanta]], Georgia| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 9,554| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 99| 1864|-| style="background: #efefef;" | 13.| [[Wilmington]], North Carolina| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 9,553| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 100| 1865

The '''Confederate States of America''' (informally, the ''Confederacy'') was a government created from an alliance of eleven southern states which had seceeded from the [[United States]] between December 1860 and April 1861. The [[American Civil War]] that was begun by the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter proved disasterous; four years of savage fighting ended with the fledgling government defeated and dissolved, and left the southern states a financial and industrial wreck. ==Beginnings==The various southern states seceded from the [[United States of America]], and joined together as the "Confederate States of America" for a number of reasons, including a Northern state favored balance of power in Congress, Free Trade, and, after Lincoln's triumph in the [[1860 Presidential election]], the threat of radical [[abolitionism|abolitionists]] to end [[slavery]], which Southerners viewed as a matter of [[states' rights]] that should not be enforced at the federal level.  Only four states where slavery was legal at that time failed to secede {{-- [[Delaware]], [[Kentucky]], [[Maryland]] and [[Missouri]]. It was a near thing in the latter three states, which all wound up raising [[regiment]]s for the Confederacy as well as the [[Union]], although not as an official act of their governments. The president of the Confederate States of America was [[Jefferson Davis]], a former [[Secretary of War]] under [[President]] [[Franklin Pierce]] and later [[Senator]] from [[Mississippi]]. [[Richmond, Virginia]] was the capital of the Confederacy after that state seceded in mid-April of 1861 following the surrender of [[Fort Sumter]] and [[Lincoln's call for volunteers]], and one day before the [[Pratt Street riot]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], the first battle of the Civil War to kill Americans on both sides. }}

General [[Robert E. Lee]] led ==Economy==Before the Confederate forces into battle against war the Union armiesstates that formed the Confederacy had an agrarian economy with exports, led by various generals appointed by to a world market, of cotton, and, to a lesser extent, tobacco and sugar. Local food production included grains, hogs, cattle, and gardens. The 11 states produced $155 million in manufactured goods in 1860, chiefly from local grist mills, and lumber, processed tobacco, cotton goods and [[Abraham Lincolnnaval stores]]such as turpentine. The CSA adopted a low tariff of 15%, with but imposed it on all imports from the lastrest of the United States—thus making one of the greatest tax increases in American history.<ref>[http://docsouth.unc.edu/tariff/tariff.html See]</ref> The tariff mattered little; the Confederacy's ports were blocked to commercial traffic by the Union's blockade, and most successful being General Ulysses Svery few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the Union states. GrantThe government collected about $3. 5 million in tariff revenue from the start of their war against the Union to late 1864. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money, which led to high inflation.

Professor The example of the [[Emory ThomasU. S. Constitution]] clearly guided the drafters of the [[VirginiaFull Text of the Confederate States Constitution|Confederate Constitution]] found it instructive to compare the correspondence sent by , enabling the latter group to complete their work in less than half as much time.<ref>Thomas, p. 63.</ref> However, this Confederate government Constitution contained a provision banning efforts to end de jure slavery, found at Article I, Section 9, clause 4, lumped in with the first year provisions banning [[ex post facto laws]] and [[bills of its existence to different governmentsattainder]]. He writesAnother clause banned the international [[slave trade]], "The Southern nation but permitted the importation of slaves from the United States; this clause was by turns a guileless people attacked by a voracious neighbor, an consistent with the United States'established' nation banning of Atlantic slave trading in some temporary difficulty1808, a collection which had the effect of bucolic improving the domestic slave market, benefiting states such as [[aristocratsVirginia]] making . The wording of this clause demonstrates that the drafters clearly anticipated that not all slave states would secede, although they also included a romantic stand against provision for accepting new states into the banalities of Confederacy. This proved essential when [[industry|industrialVirginia]] , [[democracyArkansas]], a [[cabalTennessee]] of commercial farmers seeking to make a pawn of and [[King CottonNorth Carolina]], an seceded from the United States after the Confederate Constitution was in effect. Although the Confederate document includes no [[apotheosisbill of rights]] of nineteenth-century , the [[nationalismNinth Amendment]] and revolutionary [[liberalismTenth Amendment]], or of the ultimate statement U.S. Bill of social Rights are reproduced in Article VI as Sections 5 and economic 6. The Confederate Constitution implemented a ban on a [[reactionreligious test for office]]in Section 4, notwithstanding the preamble's invocation of God's blessing on the Confederate experiment." <ref> [Emory M. Thomas, The Confederate Nation: 1861-1865. New York: Harper & Row, 1979Appendix, pp. 83306-84322.] </ref> Certainly some of Other differences had to do with the leaders of the Confederacy could be found to believe [[appropriations]] process in any one of these incarnations of their country, but probably none to believe in all at onceCongress. The aspect of resistance to Not only was a [[industrializationline-item veto]] has most captured expressly included, but Congress required a two-thirds [[supermajority]] to appropriate any funds not specifically requested by the imagination of future generations of SouthernersPresident, giving Jefferson Davis in a real sense more Constitutional power than Abraham Lincoln possessed - an irony, given the Confederate states' putative objection to centralized power.

The example of the [[U. S. Constitution]] clearly guided Despite the drafters later romanticization of the Confederate Constitutioncause, enabling the latter group perpetuation of Southern conceptions of race and slavery was of prime importance to complete their work in less than half as much timethe new nation. <ref> [ThomasIn his "Cornerstone Speech, p. 63.] </ref> The predictable provision banning efforts to end de jure slavery is found at Article I, Section 9, clause 4, lumped in with " Vice President Alexander Stephens argued that a major difference between the provisions banning [[ex post facto laws]] Confederate Constitution and [[bills of attainder]]. It is three clauses down from a most unexpected clause banning the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] [[slave trade]], but permitting United States Constitution was the importation of slaves from the Unionbelief that blacks were not inherently equal. The wording of In describing this clause demonstrates that the drafters clearly anticipated that not all slave states would secedefundamental difference, although they also included a provision for accepting Stephens said, "The new states into the Confederacyconstitution has put at rest, which proved essential when [[Virginia]]forever, [[Arkansas]], [[Tennessee]] and [[North Carolina]] seceded from all the United States after agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution—African slavery as it exists amongst us—the proper status of the Constitution was negro in effectour form of civilization. Although This was the Confederate document includes no [[bill immediate cause of rights]] as such, the [[Ninth Amendment]] late rupture and [[Tenth Amendment]] are reproduced in Article VI as Sections 5 and 6present revolution.. The Confederate ban on a [[religious test for office]] . Our new government is Section 4founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner- stone rests, notwithstanding upon the fact great truth that the preamble invokes negro is not equal to the blessing of almighty [[God]] on the Confederate experimentwhite man. " <ref> [Thomas, Appendix, pphttp://teachingamericanhistory. 306-322org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76] </ref> Perhaps The rejection of slavery as a dominant ideology of the most significant differences had to do with Confederate States began after the [[appropriations]] process in Congress. Not only was a [[line-item veto]] expressly includedCivil War, but Congress required a two-thirds [[supermajority]] as Confederate leaders sought to appropriate any funds not specifically requested by the President, giving Jefferson Davis in a real sense more Constitutional power than Abraham Lincoln possessedlegitimize their failed rebellion.

===Executive branch===

| [[ImageFile:CSAnational1Confederate States of America 1st official flag thirteen stars.png|125px]] ||The First National Flag of the Confederacy. Like the flag before, it was also called the ''Stars and Bars''; this flag incorporated a different number of stars depending on the 11 time. At the most, and for the longest period of time, the flag had 13 stars which symbolized , representing the 11 states that had seceeded from of the Union by March, 1861C.S.A. as well as Kentucky and Missouri.|| March 4, 1861 to May 261, 1863

| [[Image:CSAnational2.png|125px]] ||The Second National Flag; also known as the ''Stainless Banner'' due to the large white field. It was also referred to as the ''Stonewall Flag'', as its first official use was to cover the casket of Lieutenant General [[Thomas J. Jackson]] in 1863.|| May 261, 1863 to March 3, 1865

|[[Image:CSAnational3.png|125px]] ||The Third National Flag. The red stripe was added to the fly to correct a major drawback of the previous flag: the appearence appearance of a flag of surrender when it hung limp.|| March 4, 1865 to April 26, 1865

== Economics - The Inevitable Clash Diplomacy=====Relations with the United States===For the four years of its existence, the Confederate States of America asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. The United States government, by contrast, asserted that the Southern states were provinces in rebellion and refused any formal recognition of their status. Thus, U.S. Secretary of State [[William H. Seward]] issued formal instructions to [[Charles Francis Adams Sr.]], the new minister to Great Britain:<blockquote>You will indulge in no expressions of harshness or disrespect, or even impatience concerning the seceding States, their agents, or their people. But you will, on the contrary, all the while remember that those States are now, as they always heretofore have been, and, notwithstanding their temporary self-delusion, they must always continue to be, equal and honored members of this Federal Union, and that their citizens throughout all political misunderstandings and alienations, still are and always must be our kindred and countrymen.<ref>William Seward to Charles Francis Adams Sr., April 10, 1861 in Marion Mills Miller, Ed. ''Life And Works Of Abraham Lincoln'' (1907) Vol 6.</ref></blockquote>

While idealogy would provide much of However, if the motivation British seemed inclined to go recognize the Confederacy, or even waver in that regard, they were to warbe sharply warned, with a strong hint of war:<blockquote>[if Britain is] tolerating the economics application of the Northern and Southern states made so-called seceding States, or wavering about it impossible , you will not leave them to suppose for anything but a clash to come to a head. While the Northern States had modernized moment that they can grant that application and embraced remain friends with the industrial revolutionUnited States. You may even assure them promptly, incorporating new technology and rebuilding infrastructure in that case, that if they determine to support itrecognize, they may at the South had relied same time prepare to enter into alliance with the enemies of this republic."<ref>Seward to Adams April 10, 1861 ibid</ref></blockquote> The Confederate Congress responded to the hostilities by formally declaring war on the farming that had sustained United States in May 1861 — calling it since "The War between the founding Confederate States of America and the United States of America. " The problem came with Union government never declared war but conducted its war efforts under a proclamation of [[Union blockade|blockade]] and rebellion. Mid-war negotiations between the liquidity two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the laws of capitalwar governed military relationships.

When a businessman in Four years after the North wanted to build a factorywar, he would obtain a loan from the bank or from a group of investorsin 1869, pay the labour United States Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Texas v. White]]'' that secession was unconstitutional and material costs to erect it, and thereafter be almost assured of some level of income as his products were produced, put on trains, and shipped to marketslegally null. The capital court's opinion was constantly liquid, changing hands from one individual to another, authored by Chief Justice [[Salmon P. Chase]]. Jefferson Davis and in almost all cases, stood to increasehis vice president Alexander Stephens both wrote long books expounding their theories of secession's legality.

When a plantation or farm owner in ===International diplomacy===Once the South wanted to expand, his capital remained highly illiquidwar with the United States began, because the best hope for the survival of the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France. The U.S. realized that too and made it remained tied down in slaves, land, clear that recognition of the Confederacy meant war with the United States — and the equipment he neededcutoff of food shipments into Britain. And while new goods from Northern factories were The Confederates who had believed in increasing demand"[[King Cotton]]" — that is, Britain had to support the South found itself having Confederacy to compete with goods from overseasobtain cotton for its industries— were proven wrong. While the Northern businessman grew wealthierBritain, in fact, the Southern businessman had a very limited chance. With the scarcity ample stores of liquid capital, no banks cotton in 1861 and depended much more on grain from the South offered the loans that they did in the North, further miring the economy in stagnationU.S.

The principal physical legacy Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary Lord Russell and Napoleon III, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, explored the risks and advantages of recognition of the Confederacy was mass fratricidal destruction, or at least of offering a mediation. Four years Recognition meant certain war with the United States, loss of Civil War killed at least 620American grain,000 soldiers (counting deaths from disease as well as loss of exports to the United States, loss of huge investments in battle)American securities, loss of whom approximately 260Canada and other North American colonies,000 were from much higher taxes, many lives lost and a severe threat to the Confederacyentire British merchant marine, in exchange for the possibility of some cotton. This represented a much larger fraction (slightly over one quarter) Many party leaders and the general public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits. Recognition was considered following the [[Second Battle of Manassas]] when the Confederacy's military age white men than British government was lost by preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Unionvictory at the [[Battle of Antietam]] and Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]], combined with internal opposition, caused the government to back away.

An unknown number of [[civilians]] also diedNo country appointed any diplomat officially to the Confederacy, but several maintained their consuls in part as a result of the campaign of organized plunder in late 1864 and early 1865 by South who had been appointed before the troops of war.<ref>In 1861, [[UnionErnst Raven]] applied for approval as the [[GeneralSaxe-Coburg-Gotha]] [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] which helped not only to destroy the will consul, but he was a citizen of Texas and there is no evidence that Saxe officials knew what he was doing; Saxe was a firm supporter of the Confederacy U.S. It is false to fight, but literally to destroy state that Saxe (or the [[infrastructure]] of Pope) recognized the Confederacy. No country did so. Severe damage was inflicted on both urban and rural communities in On the South, and hundreds of thousands of people became refugeesPope see [http://cdl.library.cornell. The exigencies of [[total waredu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?root=%2Fmoa%2Fofre%2Fofre2003%2F&tif=01042.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fsgml%2Fmoa-idx%3Fnotisid%3DANU4547-2003&coll=moa&frames=1&view=50]] had led to </ref> In 1863, the destruction Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls (all of Southern infrastructure, them British or French diplomats) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in particular [[railroads]], long before 1864, but never on such a scalecombat against the U.S.

[[Total Throughout the war]] based on modern technology was confirmed as the mode in which [[nation-states]] would fight each other throughout the industrial age. Simultaneously with the Union, the Confederacy launched the first seagoing [[ironclad]] warships. With the possible exception most European powers adopted a policy of the [[Prussia]]ns and [[Great Britain|British]]neutrality, it is unlikely that any country of comparable population and technology in the 1860s could have resisted the Union onslaught for as long as the Confederacy didmeeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition. This is considered by some historians None ever sent an ambassador or official delegation to represent a major moral victory for the ConfederacyRichmond. An equally impressive moral victory was the decision by General Lee on April 9However, 1865 to rule out continuing to fight as [[insurgents]]; although it can be argued they applied international law principles that this only delayed recognized the inevitable failure of Union and Confederate sides as [[Reconstruction]], it also made physical rebuilding possible in a way it would not be in the latter stages of civil wars in other countries in the [[20th centurybelligerent]]s. Notional or realCanada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders, its superiority man for man (and especially general for general) was permanently impressed some state governments in northern Mexico negotiated local agreements to cover trade on the South, which today remains more pro-military than any other region of the United States as measured by percentage of voluntary [[enlistment]]sTexas border.

== Legacy - Political/Ideological =Died of States Rights?===Historian [[Frank Lawrence Owsley]] argued that the Confederacy "died of states rights."<ref>Frank L. Owsley, ''State Rights in the Confederacy'' (Chicago, 1925),</ref> That is, strong-willed governors and state legislatures refused to give the national government the soldiers and money it needed because they feared that Richmond was encroaching on the rights of the states. Historians agree that northern governors were much more supportive of Lincoln's policies. Georgia's governor [[Joseph Brown]] warned that he saw the signs of a deep-laid conspiracy on the part of Jefferson Davis to destroy states' rights and individual liberty. Brown declaimed: "Almost every act of usurpation of power, or of bad faith, has been conceived, brought forth and nurtured in secret session." To grant the Confederate government the power to draft soldiers was the "essence of military despotism." <ref>Rable (1994) 257; however Wallace Hettle in ''The Peculiar Democracy: Southern Democrats in Peace and Civil War'' (2001) p. 158 says Owsley's "famous thesis...is overstated."</ref> In 1863 governor [[Pendleton Murrah]] of Texas insisted that Texas troops were needed for self-defense (against Indians or a threatened Union invasion), and refused to send them East.<ref>John Moretta; "Pendleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas," ''Civil War History,'' Vol. 45, 1999</ref> [[Zebulon Vance]], the governor of North Carolina was notoriously hostile to Davis and his demands. Opposition to conscription in North Carolina was intense and its results were disastrous for recruiting. Governor Vance's faith in states' rights drove him into a stubborn opposition.<ref>Albert Burton Moore,''Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy.'' (1924) p. 295.</ref>

The Confederacy is Vice President Stephens broke publicly with President Davis, saying any accommodation would only weaken the primary reason republic, and he therefore had no choice but to break publicly with the Confederate administration and the president. Stephens charged that it became possible in to allow Davis to make "arbitrary arrests" and to draft state officials conferred on him more power than the 1860s to abolish slaveryEnglish Parliament had ever bestowed on the king. Given [[Article Five]] History proved the dangers of the [[Usuch unchecked authority. S. Constitution]], it would have been impossible " He added that Davis intended to abolish slavery without secession suppress the peace meetings in North Carolina and "put a muzzle upon certain presses" (especially the 15 established states with the 35 free states which later existedantiwar newspaper ''Raleigh Standard'') in order to control elections in that state. As it actually happened, the Echoing [[Thirteenth AmendmentPatrick Henry]] 's "give me liberty or give me death" Stephens warned the Southerners they should never view liberty as "subordinate to independence" because the cry of "independence first and liberty second" was ratified by a 26-state [[Union]] containing only four slave states"fatal delusion. The most likely solution in " As historian George Rable concludes, "For Stephens, the absence essence of secession would have been to admit smaller Western states, possibly even turning what became [[Indian reservations]] into states. Howeverpatriotism, the continuing political focus on slavery would have made expansion heart of the UConfederate cause, rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights. S. to [[Alaska]] In his idealist vision of politics, military necessity, pragmatism, and [[Hawaii]] unlikely in the nineteenth century, if at allcompromise meant nothing."<ref>Rable (1994) 258-9</ref>

While The survival of the Confederacy lost the Civil War, it can be seen depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to have won the peacevictory. [[Radical Republicans]] were forced The soldiers performed well, though increasing numbers deserted in the [[Compromise of 1877]] last year. The civilians, although enthusiastic in 1861-62 seem to concede have lost faith in the failure of Reconstruction nation's future by 1864, and withdraw the U. Sinstead looked to protect their homes and communities instead. Army from the SouthAs Rable explains, or at least from its mission of guaranteeing "As the rights of African-Americans. In a process known as [[Redemption]]Confederacy shrank, the [[Republican Party]] was crushed out citizens' sense of existence across the South and black people stripped of cause more than ever narrowed to their voting own states and other rights by communities. This contraction of civic vision was more than a system which came to be known as [[Jim Crow]]crabbed libertarianism; it represented an increasingly widespread disillusionment with the Confederate experiment. <ref>Rable (1994) p 265</ref>

The association of == Economics ==While the [[Democratic Party]] with Northern States had modernized and embraced the South was entirely accurate as that region was totally dominated by Democrats by 1900. Howeverindustrial revolution, only with the election of [[Woodrow Wilson]] in 1912 was a Southerner able incorporating new technology and rebuilding infrastructure to return to the [[White House]]. Whenever Democrats held a majority of either house of [[Congress]]support it, Southerners would immediately become the chairmen of all committeesSouth had remained agrarian, giving that region a disproportionate influence on national politics. Ironically, because of their [[Thomas Jefferson|Jeffersonian]] roots, Southern Democrats were a party of [[small government]] and lower [[taxes]] (radically cutting back spending reliant on [[public schools]] among other things during [[Redemption]]), and were hostile slave labor to organized laborboost productivity.

[[American politics]] have been defined The southern economic model was challenged by its lack of access to capital. When a businessman in part by the conflict between North wanted to build a factory, he could obtain a loan from the [[Alexander Hamilton|Hamiltonian]] and Jeffersonian schools bank or from a group of investors, pay the role of governmentlabor and material costs to erect it, particularly maintain the [[Federal government]]. The Confederacy can be seen factory as collateral, paying back the [[last stand]] of loan with cash flow from the Jeffersonians, who favored a system in which state policy and sovereignty would trump that of the Federal governmentbusiness. To this way of thinkingThe capital was constantly liquid, subsequent American politics have actually been a competition between more and less radical Hamiltonianschanging hands from one individual to another.