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{{PresidentOfficeholder|imagename=John_quincy_adams.jpgJohn Quincy Adams|seqimage=6JohnQuincyAdams1819.jpeg|term_startparty=March 4, 1825Federalist (before 1808)<br/>[[Republicans (Jeffersonian)|term_end=March 4, 1829Republican]] (1808–30)<refbr/>http://www.trivia-library.com/a/6th-us-president-john-quincy-adams.htmNational Republican (1830–1834)<br/ref>|party=DemocraticAnti-Republican and National Republican|vp=John C. Calhoun|previous=James Monroe|next=Andrew Jackson|birth_date=July 11, 1767|birth_place=Quincy, Massachusetts|death_date=February 23, 1848|death_place=Washington, D.C.Masonic (1834-1838)

|spouse2religion=Unitarianism|religionoffices= {{Officeholder/president |country=the United States |number=6th |terms=March 4, 1825 - March 4, 1829<ref>http://www.trivia-library.com/a/6th-us-president-john-quincy-adams.htm</ref> |vp=[[UnitarianJohn C. Calhoun]] |preceded=[[James Monroe]] |former=y |succeeded=[[Andrew Jackson]] }} {{Officeholder/representative |state=Massachusetts |district=8th |terms=March 4, 1843 – February 23, 1848 |preceded=William Calhoun |former=y |succeeded=Horace Mann }} {{Officeholder/representative |state=Massachusetts |district=12th |terms=March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1843 |preceded=James Hodges |former=y |succeeded=George Robinson }} {{Officeholder/representative |state=Massachusetts |district=11th |terms=March 4, 1831 – March 4, 1833 |preceded=Joseph Richardson |former=y |succeeded=John Reed }} {{Officeholder/secretary (cabinet) |of=State |number=8th |deputy=n |president=[[James Monroe]] |terms=September 22, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |preceded=[[James Monroe]] |former=y |succeeded=[[Henry Clay]] }} {{Officeholder/ambassador |for=United States |to=Court of St. James's |president=[[James Madison]] |terms=April 28, 1814 – September 22, 1817 |preceded=Jonathan Russell |former=y |succeeded=Richard Rush }} {{Officeholder/ambassador |for=United States |to=Russia |president=[[James Madison]] |terms=November 5, 1809 – April 28, 1814 |preceded=William Short |former=y |succeeded=James Bayard }} {{Officeholder/senator |state=Massachusetts |terms=March 4, 1803 – June 8, 1808 |preceded=Jonathan Mason |former=y |succeeded=James Lloyd }} {{Officeholder/ambassador |for=United States |to=Prussia |president=[[John Adams]] |terms=December 5, 1797 – May 5, 1801 |preceded=(none) |former=y |succeeded=Henry Wheaton }} {{Officeholder/ambassador |for=United States |to=the Netherlands |president=[[George Washington]] |terms=November 6, 1794 – June 20, 1797 |preceded=William Short |former=y |succeeded=William Vans Murray }}

'''John Quincy Adams''' (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the 6th sixth [[President president of the United States of America]] and the son of American Founding Father [[John Adams]]. He served one term as President president (1825–1829) and then returned to [[Congress ]] where he spent the remainder of his political career fighting [[slavery ]] as a moral evil. He was the son of President [[John Adams]] and [[Abigail Adams]]. A precocious teenager who aided his father in diplomatic missions, at 26 he was appointed minister<ref>The title "ambassador" came into use much later.</ref> to [[the Netherlands ]] by President [[George Washington]], then promoted to the Berlin Legation. In 1802 Adams was elected to the US [[Senate ]] and in 1808 he became the first U.S. Minister minister of [[Russia]]. Adams' served as one of the great secretaries of state under President [[James Monroe]], arranging with [[Britain ]] for the joint occupation of the [[Oregon ]] Country, obtaining from [[Spain ]] the cessation of the Floridas[[Florida]]s, and helping to formulate the [[Monroe Doctrine]]. He returned to Congress and became an outspoken opponent of slavery. Deeply troubled by slavery , Adams correctly predicted the dissolution of the Union on the issue (true) and , but was incorrect in predicting a series of bloody slave insurrections (false).

Adams presented a vision of national greatness resting on economic growth and a strong federal government, but his presidency was not a success as he lacked political adroitness, popularity or a network of supporters, and ran afoul of politicians eager to undercut him. Adams is best known as a diplomat who shaped American's foreign policy in line with his deeply conservative and ardently nationalist commitment to [[Republicanism|America's republican values]]. More recently he has been portrayed as the exemplar and moral leader in an era of modernization when new technologies and networks of infrastructure and communication brought to the people messages of religious revival, social reform, and party politics, as well as moving goods, money and people ever more rapidly and efficiently.<ref> See Howe (2007).</ref>

Much of his early life was spent with his father on diplomatic missions, and he obtained his formal schooling piecemeal in [[France]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Leiden]], and [[The Hague]]. Highly precocious, at the age of 14 Adams became secretary to Francis Dana, the American minister to Russia, and in 1783 acted as secretary to his father during the peace negotiations with Britain. When his father was appointed minister to the [[Court of St James ]] (Britain) in 1785, Adams returned to Massachusetts and entered [[Harvard College]], where he was graduated in 1787. Thereafter he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1790, and began practicing in [[Boston]], which bored him. He became professor of rhetoric at Harvard. In 1797 Adams married Louisa Catherine Johnson, daughter of a London-based American [[tobacco ]] merchant from [[Maryland]].

When his father was sent as minister to Europe by the Continental Congress, young John Quincy Adams went with him. He remained in Europe for the next nine years. While in France he studied at the Passy Academy. Later John Adams sent his son to Leiden University, where learned both Latin and Greek. When American diplomat, Francis Dana, looked for a an interpreter to travel with him to Russia, Adams, who knew Russian, volunteered. He returned to his father in Hague, Holland. Adams assisted his father, as a secretary, while his father served as American minister to several European nations. He returned to America and attended Harvard College, graduating in 1787. He then studied law. After [[Thomas Paine]] wrote an anonymous pamphlet criticizing President [[George Washington]]'s policies, Adams wrote a series of anonymous articles called "Publicola", defending the president. They were so well done people assumed his father wrote them. He worked in law for two years until appointed by Washington as U.S. minister to Holland. <ref> [[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

==Public Serviceservice==

He continued his work as diplomat to Holland, until he was chosen as the minister to Portugal. But before he could leave, his father, John Adams, became President president of the United States and sent his son to go as minister to Prussia, instead of Portugal. He kept the post successfully for the next four years. His father though was a very unpopular President and lost the [[United States presidential election of 1800|1800 presidential election]] to [[Thomas Jefferson]]. Because of this Adams returned home to his family with his wife and son, George.  ===U.S. Politicspolitics===Returning to the United States, Adams was defeated in 1802 for the U.S. House of Representatives, but in 1803 was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Massachusetts legislature, then controlled by the [[Federalist Party]]. Like other Federalists he attacked the Louisiana Purchase as "accomplished by a flagrant violation of the Constitution." Adams soon showed that spirit of political independence which was to characterize his entire career. Crossing party lines, he supported the impeachment of Federalist judges, and, most important, Jefferson's [[Embargo of 1807]], which was strenuously opposed by his constituents. The embargo vote alienated him completely from the Federalists, who denounced him publicly and secured his defeat in the senatorial election in June 1808. Adams then joined the [[Democratic-Republican PartyJeffersonian Republicans]] and was now aligned with Jefferson and Madison. 

==Secretary of Statestate==

Disowned by the Federalists and not fully accepted by the [[Democratic-Republican Party|Republicans]], Adams used his Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard as a new base.<ref> He was appointed in 1805, after turning down the presidency of Harvard.</ref> Adams' devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues. He remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis.<ref> Lyon Rathbun, "The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams." ''Rhetorica'' (2000) 18(2): 175-215.</ref> Adams was influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher [[David Hume]].<ref>See David Hume, "Of Eloquence," in ''Essays, Political and Moral'' (1742)</ref> Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to America, viewing the multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence." Adams's ''Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory'' (1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 18th century as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere.<ref>Adam S. Potkay, "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams." ''Early American Literature'' (1999) 34(2): 147-170. </ref>

==Elected Presidentpresident==As the [[United States presidential election of 1824|election of 1824]] drew near people began looking for candidates. New England voters admired Adams' patriotism and political skills and it was mainly due to their support that he entered the race. The old caucus system of the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] Jeffersonian Republicans had collapsed; indeed the entire [[First Party System]] had collapsed and the election was a free-for-all based on regional support. Adams had a strong base in New England. His opponents included [[John C. Calhoun]], [[William Crawford]], [[Henry Clay]] and the hero of New Orleans, [[Andrew Jackson]]. During the campaign Calhoun dropped out, and Crawford fell ill giving further support to the other candidates. When the election day came, Andrew Jackson won, although narrowly, the Popular and Electoral vote. However, because no candidate received a clear majority, a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives was necessary. Thanks to the support of Henry Clay, who realized he couldn't win the election, Adams held the majority of 13 states. <ref> [[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref> When Adams took the Oath of Office at his Inauguration, he did not use a bible, even though he was religious. Instead, he swore the oath on a law book. According to his personal diary, he believed that since the oath was to uphold the United States Constitution and the laws of the country, the law book were appropriate.<ref>[http://fpc.state.gov/114510.htm Historical Perspectives on the Inaugural Swearing in Ceremony] Donald Kennon, Ph.D., Vice President for Scholarship and Education, U.S. Capitol Historical Society, January 14, 2009, Department of the State, retrieved September 1, 2012</ref> 

The Adams administration recorded no major legislative, diplomatic, military or administrative achievements. Congress did pass the high [[Tariff of 1828]]--the —the "tariff of abominations" that created a violent outcry especially in South Carolina. Jackson defeated Adams in a landslide in 1828, and created the [[Democratic Democrat Party|the modern Democratic partyDemocrat Party]] and thus inaugurating the [[Second Party System]].

After being defeated by [[Andrew Jackson]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1828|1828 Presidential presidential election]], Adams retired in Quincy, Massachusetts. However, in 1830 he ran and won a seat in the House of Representatives as a member of the [[Whig Party]]. While many speculated that Adams ran solely to earn money, this was not the case, as he had sufficient funds to last him the rest of his life. Adams probably ran for his Congressional seat for a combination of several reasons, chief among them the fact that he tried to raise his children in the same way he was raised, which is to say they spent lots of time away from home, which had a very negative impact on one of his sons, who died untimely. Adams, a former president, may have subjected himself to the humiliation of serving as a freshman Congressman as a sort of penance.  

The "Old Man Eloquent," as he was called, won renewed respect throughout the North as an opponent of slavery. Although never an abolitionist, Adams fought the extension of slavery in the territories. The [[Missouri Compromise]] of 1820 provoked a series of intense debates on slavery between Adams and [[John C. Calhoun]] that changed them from admiring friends into bitter enemies. Both men were brilliant students of political philosophy, and both were committed to [[republicanism]]. Both recognized the necessity of reconciling republican government with the issues of slavery and race, Adams vilified the practice of slavery as inherently corrupt and un-republican and preached total abolition. Calhoun countered that the right to slavery not only should be protected from interference from the federal government but was fundamental to republican government. The national debate led both men to consider dissolution of the Union as a way of resolving the slavery issue. Their immovable stances signaled the similar uncompromising positions adopted by the North and the South in the decades to follow.<ref>Chandra Miller, "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume': the Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." ''Missouri Historical Review'' (2000) 94(4): 365-388. Issn: 0026-6582 </ref>

 ====Missouri Compromise=====The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provoked a series of intense debates between Adams and [[John C. Calhoun]] that would eventually transform them from admiring friends into bitter enemies. Both men recognized the necessity of reconciling republican government and the traditional values of the American Revolution with the issues of slavery and race. Adams vilified the practice of slavery and preached total abolition, while Calhoun countered that the right to slavery not only should be protected from interference from the federal government but was fundamental to republican government. The national debate led both men to consider dissolution of the Union as a way of resolving the slavery issue. Their immovable stances signaled the similar uncompromising positions adopted by the North and the South in the decades to follow.<ref> Chandra Miller, "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume': the Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." ''Missouri Historical Review'' 2000 94(4): 365-388, not online</ref>

He suffered a stroke on February 21, 1848 while on the House floor. He died two days later in the evening of February 23, 1848 in the capital of Washington D.C. <ref> [[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

==Religious ViewsQuotes==

<Blockquote>* "The first and almost the only book deserving of universal attention is the Bible."<ref>The Rebirth of America (1986), Arthur S. DeMoss, Pg. 37</ref> * "Why is it that, next to the birth day of the Savior of the World, your most joyous and most venerated festival returns on this day?—And why is it that, among the swarming myriads of our population, thousands and tens of thousands among us, abstaining, under the dictate of religious principle, from the commemoration of that birth-day of Him, who brought life and immortality to light, yet unite with all their brethren of this community, year after year, in celebrating this the birthday of the nation?:Is it not that, in the chain of human events, the birthday of the nation is indissolubly linked with the birthday of the Savior? That it forms a leading event in the progress of the gospel dispensation? Is it not that the Declaration of Independence first organized the social compact on the foundation of the Redeemer’s mission upon the earth? That it laid the cornerstone of human government upon the first precepts of Christianity, and gave to the world the first irrevocable pledge of the fulfilment of the prophecies, announced directly from Heaven at the birth of the Savior and predicted by the greatest of the Hebrew prophets six hundred years before?"<ref>[http:/blockquote/teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/speech-on-independence-day-2/ Speech on Independence Day], July 4th, 1837</ref> * "You will never know how much it cost my generation to preserve your freedom. I hope you will make good use of it." * "They[immigrants] must cast off the European skin, never to resume it. They must look forward to their posterity, rather than backward to their ancestors; they must be sure that whatever their own feelings may be, those of their children will cling to the prejudices of this country."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CvBIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA79 Immigration Into the United States]</ref>

* Adams, John Quincy. ''Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848'', 12 vols., edited by Charles Francis Adams (1874-771874–77)

** vol 12 (1844-481844–48) [http://books.google.com/books?id=HWYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:john+inauthor:quincy+inauthor:adams&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP4,M1 online edition]

<references{{reflist|2}} ==External links==* [http:/>/millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jqadams Essays by scholars and useful information from Miller Center at U. Virginia]* [https://librivox.org/author/1107 Works by John Quincy Adams - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]

[[categoryCategory:diplomacyDiplomacy]][[categoryCategory:Early National U.S.]]

[[categoryCategory:Jacksonian Democracy]][[Category:John Adams]]