*regards its members to be committed [[Jew]]s.
*believes that Messiah [[Yeshua]] of Nazareth ([[Jesus Christ]]) is the [[Messiah]] spoken of in the [[Tanakh]] ([[Old Testament]]), they call Jesus , Yeshua. *believes that it is following the practices and beliefs of the very early church that sprang up from . *follows an [[the DisciplesEvangelical Christian]] teachings on [[Pentecosttheology]].
Messianic Jews They differ from traditional [[Judaism]] other Jews over their beliefs about the Messiah. Traditional Judaism still awaits Messianic Congregations are made up of people of Jewish and non-Jewish backgrounds, and are distinctly Jewish in [[culture]]. All celebrate Jewish [[Holy Days]] and support the coming State of [[Israel]], and most have their main service on the Messiah seventh day [[Sabbath]]. They believe that all of the [[Bible]], both the Tanakh and the [[New Testament]], is inspired by [[God]], and does not agree that He arrived in the form New Testament was written by Jewish writers to announce to the world the arrival of Yeshuathe long awaited Jewish Messiah.
==Makeup and Worship==Messianic Congregations are made up of people of both Jewish and non-Jewish backgrounds, but are distinctly Jewish in [[culture]] and form of worship. All celebrate Jewish [[Holy Daysdenomination]] and support s reject Messianic Judaism on the State of [[Israel]]principle that belief in Jesus automatically makes them Christian, and most have their main service on therefore outside of the seventh day [[Sabbath]] (Saturday)Jewish community. They believe that all In fact, Messianic Judaism fits the defenition of Christian provided in the [[Bible]], both the Tanakh dictionary. Many view Messianic Judaism as a dangerous and the subversive form of [[New Testamentapostasy]], is inspired by [[God]], and that the New Testament was written by Jewish writers to announce to the world the arrival of the long awaited Jewish Messiah who had been predicted many hundreds of years before His birth.
==Governing bodies==Some of the major organizations within Messianic Judaism include:*the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA)*the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC)*the International Alliance of Messianic Congregations <!-- We need more here about this rejection. I'm not "fact-tagging" this. I'm fairly sure it's true. But we need to know who says this and Synagogues (IAMCS)*the Fellowship of Messianic Congregations (FMC)Two further organizationsWHY they say it. For example, while smaller, are still influential:*WHY does believe in Yeshua automatically exclude a person from the Association of TorahJewish community? When did this this exclusion become automatic? -Observant Messianics*the International Federation of Messianic Jews->
There are several hundred Messianic congregations worldwideHowever, with a membership somewhere between 250,000 Reform [[rabbi]] Dan Cohn- 300Sherbok, Professor of Jewish Theology at the University of Wales,000. Israel alone has around 15pointed out that the Jewish community,000 Messianic congregants. They are believed and Judaism itself, no longer holds to be the most rapidly growing group in a single authority to determine correct belief and practice, and as such Messianic Judaism is as valid a form of Judaismas any other.<ref>Cohn-Sherbok , Dan. "Messianic Judaism" op cit p(Continuum International, 2000)</ref> David M. Hargis stated: ''"Since the first Jewish followers of Yeshua never left the faith of the God of Israel, [[YHWH]], but rather came into a more personal covenant with Him through trust in Messiah Yeshua, their faith was and is the only complete Biblical Judaism and thus a superior Judaism."''<ref>Hargis, David M. [http://www.messianic.com/articles/basics.htm ''Basics of Messianic Judaism''] Messianic Bureau International.ixAccessed 21 February 2008</ref>
==Early history of Messianic Judaism==
==The first Messianic Judaism predates Christianity by several decades, and Christianity evolved from the Messianic Judaism of the first century. [[Jesus]] and his [[disciple]]s (''talmidim'') were all Jews==; furthermore, as the Bible clearly states He came to earth to be the prophesied Messiah of Judaism, not to form a new religion. Whether the early Jewish followers of Jesus "left" Judaism to follow him is still debated today.
Messianic Judaism traces its roots The first people to Yeshua himselfbe known as Christians were the Gentiles in [[Antioch]] ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2011:20,21,26;&version=9; Acts 11:20,21,26]) but Christianity was still widely considered to be a sect of Judaism. In 70 AD, and the good news [[Roman Empire|Roman]] general [[Titus]] sacked the city of [[Jerusalem]] and the Messiah [[Second Temple]] was burned down. It is estimated that as told by many as one million Jews died during the Disciples (revolt.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/revolt.html ''talmidimThe Great Revolt'') ] Jewish Virtual Library. Accessed 18 February 2008</ref> Many Jews were taken captive and other early believersdeported to [[Italy]] where they were forced to build the [[Colosseum]] in [[Rome]]. Both Yeshua The emperor [[Vespasian]] then introduced a tax (the "Fiscus Judaicus") to be paid by all Jews to finance the reconstruction of the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. Even after construction was completed, the tax was still levied, and his Disciples was used as a measure to deter people from converting to Judaism.<ref>Lendering, Jona [http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/fiscus/judaicus.html ''Fiscus Judaicus''] "Articles on Ancient History" Livius. Accessed 18 February 2008</ref> Well into the second century, Gentile Christians were Jewish also required to pay the ''fiscus judaicus'' and preached in Judea persecuted as a sect of Judaism. To escape this persecution, Gentile Christians sought to other widen the division between themselves and the Jews, and their practices became less and less Jewish.
Following Messiah Yeshua's death==The wild olive branch==The church in Rome was begun as a Jewish fellowship, [[resurrection]]started by those who returned from Pentecost in Jerusalem, and [<ref>[ascension]http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%202%20;&version=9; Acts 2] his disciples waited until the </ref> not by an [[holy spiritapostle]] came upon . As these Jewish believers evangelized, many Gentile believers joined them at . Around 50 AD [[PentecostClaudius]] and then Yeshua's messiahship was proclaimed openly to all the people. That very day 3000 came to knowledge of Him (Acts 2:41) from banished many lands (Acts 2:9-11). The early followersJews from Rome, called Nazarenes<ref>Barclay, continued to observe Jewish law John M. G.; Hooker, Morna Dorothy and worship McMurdo, John Philip (ed.) "Early Christian Thought in Its Jewish Context" (Cambridge University Press; 2007) ISBN 0-5210-4412-X</ref> leaving the church entirely Gentile. Twelve years later [[synagogueNero]]invited the Jews back to stimulate trade. [[Acts of However the Apostles|Acts]] informs us Gentiles refused to allow the Messianic Jewish believers back into the church, having concluded that they were based in [[Jerusalem]] under Claudius' rejection signified God's rejection, which is probably the leadership first appearance of [[Saint Peter|Simon bar YonaReplacement Theology]]. Those who followed Yeshua still considered themselves to be fully Jewish and following Judaism<ref>[http://fp.thebeers.f9.co.uk/olive.htm ''The Olive Tree and the wild olive branch''] "The Wild Olive Branch" Accessed 18 February 2008</ref>
[[Paul]]'s [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%209-11;&version=9; letter to the Roman church] addresses this matter, and he urges them to remember that they are like a "wild olive tree, grafted in" among the Jews, and warns them against "conceit", particularly as it is the Jewish root which supported their Christian branch. ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Early Troubles==Romans%2011:17,18,25;&version=9; Romans 11:17,18,25])
Trouble wasn't far behind however as two However, by the time of the disciples were held by the [[SadduceesCouncil of Nicaea]]in 325, part of the Jewish religious authority, Christianity was both anti-Judaic and were told to stop preaching by the [[Sanhedrinanti-Semitic]] (Acts 4:1-3)(Acts 4:18-19). They continued to preach anyway, as did the other disciples. The disciples were arrested again by the <ref>As [[SadduceesConstantine]] and put in jail (Acts 5said at the Council:18) and were again brought before "''Let us then have nothing in common with the Sanhedrinmost hostile rabble of the Jews. ''" Boyle, Isaac "A Historical View of The Council of Nicea" (Acts 5:27T Mason and G Lane, New York; 1839) Only </ref> Messianic Judaism was presumed by many to have died out after the Council of Nicea. However, in the records of the [[PhariseeInquisition]] [[Gamaliel]] saved them there are accounts of Jewish believers in Yeshua who were persecuted by the inquisitors well into the 12th and 13th centuries, but as persecution from being put the Roman church became stronger, Messianic Judaism became almost invisible to death (Acts 5:33-34) although they were still floggedhistory. (Acts 5<ref>Chaimberlin, Richard Aharon [http:40) The first conflict broke out among //www.petahtikvah.com/Articles/MessianicForDummies.htm ''Messianic Judaism For Dummies''] Petah Tikvah. Accessed 18 February 2008</ref>==Comparison table==Table comparing the early believers when mainstream '''beliefs''' of these movements with each other{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="2"|-||Judaism|Christianity|Messianic Judaism|-|Trinity|no|yes|yes|-|Divinity of Jesus|no|yes|yes|-|Accept Talmud as authoritative|yes|no|no|-|Accept New Testament as part of canon|no|yes|yes|-|Jesus is the Jews from outside Palestine complained that their widows were not being given food like son of God|no|yes|yes|-|Jesus is the widows messiah|no|yes|yes|-|Hell exists|no|yes|yes|-|Second coming of those Jews who were Jesus Christ|no|yes|yes|-|Jesus was born of a virgin|no|yes|yes|-|Jesus died on a cross for the sins of humanity|no|yes|yes|-|Jesus was resurrected from Palestinethe dead|no|yes|yes|-|Jesus is an intermediary between man and God|no|yes|yes|-|Original Sin|no|yes|yes|-|skepticism towards evolution|no*<ref>Even amongst Orthodox Jews, the mainstream belief is evolution happened, although generally Orthodox Jews believe in theistic evolution, meaning evolution but that it was caused by God. (Acts 6:1</ref>|yes|yes|-2) Men |follow teachings of valor were assigned past rabbis|yes|no|no*<ref>Messianic Jews have even been known to make sure all were treated fairlycriticize Judaism by calling it Rabbinic Judaism, despite the fact that Messianic Jews call their pastors, rabbis. The first marytrdom </ref>|-|Jesus was not far off when [[Stephen]] was brought before God made flesh|no|yes|yes|-|interpretation of the [[Sanhedrin]] and stoned when he said he said Yeshua at text by a scholar should be preferred|yes|no, the right hand laity's interpretation is equally valid to that of [[God a scholar's interpretation|no, the Fatherlaity's interpretation is equally valid to that of a scholar's interpretation|God]]. (Acts 7:56-58)|Is Daniel a prophet?|no|yes, Jesus Christ called Daniel a prophet in the Gospels|yes, Jesus Christ called Daniel a prophet in the Gospels|-|Is Enoch a prophet?|no|yes|yes|-|Is Sarah a prophetess?|yes|no|no|-|Has the messiah came?|no|yes, he is Jesus Christ|yes, he is Jesus Christ|-|Who was the greatest prophet?|Moses|Jesus Christ|Jesus Christ|}
The first people to be known as Christians were the Gentiles in [[Antioch]] (Acts 11:20,21,26) but Christianity was still widely considered to be a sect ==Criticism of Messianic Judaism. In 70 AD, the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] general [[Titus]] sacked the city of [[Jerusalem]] and the [[Second Temple]] was burned down. It is estimated that as many as one million Jews died during the revolt.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/revolt.html ''The Great Revolt''] Jewish Virtual Library. Accessed 18 February 2008</ref> Many Jews were taken captive and deported to [[Italy]] where they were forced to build the [[Colosseum]] in [[Rome]]. The emperor [[Vespasian]] then introduced a tax (the "Fiscus Judaicus") to be paid by all Jews to finance the reconstruction of the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. Even after construction was completed, the tax was still levied, and was used as a measure to deter people from converting to Judaism.<ref>Lendering, Jona [http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/fiscus/judaicus.html ''Fiscus Judaicus''] "Articles on Ancient History" Livius. Accessed 18 February 2008</ref> Well into the second century, Gentile Christians were also required to pay the ''fiscus judaicus'' and persecuted as a sect of Judaism. To escape this persecution, Gentile Christians sought to widen the division between themselves and the Jews, and their practices became less and less Jewish.==
==The wild olive branch==The church in Rome was begun Criticism of Messianic Judaism is predicated on the assumption that Judaism and Christanity are implacably incompatible: one must be either a Jew or a Christian: there is no such thing as a Jewish fellowship, started by those who returned from [[Pentecost]] in [[Jerusalem]],<ref>[http://wwwChristian or a Christian Jew.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%202%20;&version=9; Acts 2]</ref> not Attempts by an groups like [[apostleJews for Jesus]]. As these Jewish believers evangelized, many Gentile believers joined them. Around 50 AD [[Claudius]] banished many Jews from Rome,<ref>Barclay, John M. G.; Hooker, Morna Dorothy and McMurdo, John Philip (ed.) "Early Christian Thought are seen in Its Jewish Context" (Cambridge University Press; 2007) ISBN 0-5210-4412-X</ref> leaving the church entirely Gentilethis light as outrageously deceptive. Twelve years later [[Nero]] invited the Jews back to stimulate trade. However the Gentiles were reluctant to allow the Messianic Jewish believers back into the church,<ref>Fitzmyer, J. A. ''Romans'', (Anchor Bible Commentary, New York: Doubleday, 1993)</ref><ref>Keck, Leander E. "The New Interpreter's Bible" (Abingdon Press, 2003) ISBN 0-6870-6347-7</ref> having concluded that Claudius' rejection signified God's rejection, which is probably the first appearance of [[Replacement Theology]].<ref>[http://fp.thebeers.f9.co.uk/olive.htm ''The Olive Tree and the wild olive branch''] "The Wild Olive Branch" Accessed 18 February 2008</ref>
[[Paul]]'s [httpThe Central Conference of American Rabbis has stated://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%209-11;&version=9; letter to ''"For us in the Roman church] addresses this matterJewish community, anyone who claims that Jesus is their savior is no longer a Jew and he urges them to remember is an apostate. Through that they are like belief she has placed herself outside the Jewish community. Whether she cares to define herself as a "wild olive treeChristian or as a 'fulfilled Jew, grafted in" among the Jews' 'Messianic Jew, and warns them against "conceit"' or any other designation is irrelevant; to us, particularly as it she is the Jewish root which supported their clearly a Christian branch. ("''<ref>Robinson, B. [http://www.biblegatewayreligioustolerance.comorg/passagemess_jud4.htm ''Opposition to Messianic Judaism''] Religious Tolerance. Accessed 21 February 2008</?search=Romans%2011:17ref>In acknowledging Jesus and the Christian Scriptures,18these congregations are accepting many other theological concepts contrary to the Jewish belief system,25;&version=9; Romans 11:17including original sin,18,25]) Paul begins his epistle with the exhortation to the Roman church that they must accept that the gospel was for the "Jew first devil and demonology, “vicarious blood atonement,” and also to the Greek" (Romans 1:16)trinity, Margolis said.<ref name="a"/>
HoweverOne rabbi said the following concerning Messianic Judaism: “Messianic congregations are Christians portraying themselves as Jews,” said Rabbi Richard Margolis, by the time leader of Temple Beth Sholom in Melbourne and a member of the [[Council Jewish Federation board of Nicaea]] Brevard. In an e-mail, he added, “The issue is deceit. This is a deceptive missionary movement, organized and heavily funded by evangelical Christians whose sole purpose is to convert Jews to (fundamentalist) Christianity. There is nothing Jewish about any of this.”<ref name="a"/> “I have great respect for the authentic Christian tradition and maintain an ongoing program of interfaith activities in 325our community, ” Margolis said. “But I cannot countenance couching fundamentalist Christianity was both anti-Judaic in Jewish symbols.”<ref name="a">http://www.religionnewsblog.com/12955</ref> Robinson states that "converts to Messianic Judaism are usually shunned by their Jewish families of origin and [[antiare excluded from the local Jewish community." Many people, see Messianic Judaism, as the Church's last resort to convince Jews to accept Jesus as their messiah. Anti-Semitic]]missionaries, Jews who try to counter the work of Messianic missionaries have reported being assaulted.<ref>As http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rS35_UnHRw</ref> The Jewish community has produced several groups to counter Messianic Judaism, which it sees as Evangelical Christianity disguised in Jewish garb, such as, Jews for Judaism, Outreach Judaism, and produced the Lets Get Biblical Series, a tape series produced by Outreach Judaism. The Jewish community often perceives Messianic Judaism as Christianity hijacking Judaism in order to convert Jews and misrepresenting Judaism to gain converts. They believe that Messianic Judaism is a corruption of the most deeply spiritual rituals and customs that honor Judaism's connection to God through Torah. Dr. David A. Rausch, associate professor of church history and Judaic studies at Ashland Theological Seminary, [[ConstantineOhio]] said at , summed up the Councilattitude of many Jewish people in the comment he was given by a member of the Jewish Defense League: "''Let us then have nothing in common with "These Messianics are the most hostile rabble of [[Nazi]]s - the spiritual Nazis. They pretend to be Jewsand use traditional Jewish symbols to trap children and the unsuspecting."''" Boyle<ref>Rausch, Isaac "David A Historical View of . [http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1339 ''The Council of Nicea" (T Mason and G Lane, New York; 1839)Messianic Jewish Congregational Movement''] Religion Online. Accessed 21 February 2008</ref> Messianic The sentiments are not confined entirely to Judaism ; the same author was presumed told by many to a Christian missionary: ''"To these "Messianic Jews" Jewishness means Judaism, a rabbinic Judaism of the Ashkenazic flavor. They neither have died out after a real knowledge of Jewish history or of Jewish-Christian history, nor do they possess a good handle on biblical [[exegesis]]. Like the Council Ebionites of Niceaold they will finally blend into Judaism and deny the Messiah. However"''<ref>''ibid''</ref> In the summer of 1987 in Washington D.C. (USA), there was held an Interfaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington. Partaking in the records conference were representatives of various Protestant churches, Roman-Catholics, together with Moslems and representatives of Jewish organizations. The Conference concluded with an official statement (published in "Interfaith Connector" Vol. 8, No. 2) which stated: "We condemn proselytizing efforts which delegitimize the [[Inquisition]] there faith tradition of the person whose conversion is being sought. Such tactics go beyond the bounds of appropriate and ethically based religious outreach. Examples of such practices are accounts those common among groups that have adopted the label of Jewish believers Hebrew Christianity, Messianic Judaism, or Jews for Jesus. These groups specifically target Jews for conversion to their version of Christianity, making claim that in Yeshua who were persecuted accepting Jesus as the savior/messiah, a Jews 'fulfills' his/her faith. Furthermore, by celebrating Jewish festivals, worshipping on the inquisitors well into Jewish Shabbat, appropriating Jewish symbols, rituals and prayers in their churches, and, sometimes, even calling their leaders 'Rabbi', the 12th seek to win over, often by deception, many Jews who are sincerely looking for a path back to their ancestral heritage. Deceptive proselytizing is practiced on the most vulnerable of populations - residents of hospitals and 13th centuriesold aged homes, but as persecution confused youth, college students away from home. These proselytizing techniques are tantamount to coerced conversions and should be condemned."<ref>http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/09-Antisemitism/</ref> In 2008 the Roman church became strongerIsraeli Supreme Court, ruled Messianic Judaism became almost invisible Jews can immigrate to historyIsrael.<ref>Chaimberlin, Richard Aharon [http://www.petahtikvahjpost.com/Articlesservlet/MessianicForDummies.htm ''Messianic Satellite?cid=1208870469395&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull</ref> [[Jews for Judaism For Dummies''] Petah Tikvah] claims thatMessianic missionaries have used deceit to trick Jews into converting, such as not mentioning that Messianic Jews believe Jesus is God to people who they evangelize to to. Accessed 18 February 2008<ref name="a1">http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=375&Itemid=420</ref> Messianic organizations get most of their funding from Evangelical Christian organizations.<ref name="a1"/> In fact many Messianic organizations are former Evangelical Christian missions to Jews. For example, Messianic Jewish Alliance of America, one of the most well known Messianic organizations, was originally named the, Hebrew Christian Alliance of America, an Evangelical Christian organization geared towards spreading Christianity amongst Jews. Chosen People Ministries, another Messianic organization was originally named the, American Board of Missions to the Jews. Another organization called Jews for Jesus, which some identify with the Messianic movement, was founded in 1973 by Martin Meyer Rosen, an ordained Baptist minister. He had been a missionary for several years in the past geared towards converting Jews to Christianity, when he was unsuccessful he came up with Jews for Jesus. ==Support for Messianic Judaism== The [[Unification Church]] is arguably the biggest supporter of the main ideas of Messianic Judaism. It promotes a bridge of understanding between traditional Jewish concepts and the New Testament idea that Jesus (Yeshua) was the Jewish Messiah. Unificationism maintains that Jesus "came to his own people, but they accepted him not" (Gospels) Indeed, it is official UC theology that God prepared the Jewish people for 2,000 years '''primarily''' to be ready to accept the Messiah when he came. It was the [[mission of John the Baptist]] to "make ready for the Lord a people prepared" (OT, Gospels). When John fell into belief - possibly because of jealousy towards Jesus - this posed a stumbling block to Jewish acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah.
==Jewish Opposition==The church portrays itself as a "Completed Testament" religion, coming on the foundation of [[New Testament]] Christianity and [[Old Testament]] Judaism. Its theology argues that Jews who accepted Jesus as the Messiah were correct to do so, and that when the Messiah comes again in the last day it behooves both Jews and Christians to accept him. Needless to say, this view is almost universally rejected by modern Jews and Christians.
Virtually all other Jewish [[denomination]]s reject Messianic Judaism on the principle that belief in Messiah Yeshua automatically makes them [[Christianity|Christian]], and therefore outside of the Jewish community. Many view Messianic Judaism as a dangerous and subversive form of [[apostasy]] even though similar disdain is seldom given to those of Jewish descent who are Buddhists, practice Wicca, or follow atheism. However, Reform [[rabbi]] [[Dan Cohn-Sherbok]], Professor of Jewish Theology at the University of Wales does not share the negative view of Messianic Jews prominent within the Jewish community. He has pointed out that the Jewish community, and Judaism itself, no longer holds to a single authority to determine correct belief and practice, and as such Messianic Judaism is as valid a form of Judaism as any other.<ref>Cohn-Sherbok, Rabbi Dan. "Messianic Judaism" (Continuum International, 2000) ISBN 0-8264-5458-5</ref> David M. Hargis, a Messianic Jew, sums up why he believes Messianic Jews should be viewed as fully Jewish: "Since the first Jewish followers of Yeshua never left the faith of the God of Israel, YHWH, but rather came into a more personal covenant with Him through trust in Messiah Yeshua, their faith was and is the only complete Biblical Judaism and thus a superior Judaism."<ref>Hargis, David M. [http://www.messianic.com/articles/basics.htm ''Basics of Messianic Judaism''] Messianic Bureau International. Accessed 21 February 2008</ref>
==See also==
*[[Philosophy]]
==External links==
*[http://www.JewsForJudaism.com JewsForJudaism.com]
*[http://www.OutreachJudaism.com OutreachJudaism.com]
*[http://www.MessiahTruth.com MessiahTruth.com]
*[http://www.Drazin.com Drazin.com]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2q_3sktQBY&feature=related ''Yeshua: High Star - Messianic Jewish believers in Israel''] - Israel's ''Channel 2'' news carried this report on the Messianic Jewish movement on 23 February 2007. It gives great insight into the movement, and some of the difficulties faced by its followers. (9 minutes; streaming video at YouTube.)
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9111302178737676457&pr=goog-sl ''What would you say about a country that persecutes a group of citizens only because of their religious beliefs?''] - Israel's ''Channel 10'' news carried this report on the State-sanctioned persecution of Messianic Jews. (12 minutes; streaming video at Google.)