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The [[Kurdish Worker Party]] (PKK), a an [[far-left|extreme]] [[leftist]] extreme ethnic nationalist and [[separatism|separatist]] –originally [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]]– [[terrorism|terrorist]] organization, founded in 1978, seeks the foundation of an independent [[socialism|socialist]] [[Kurds|Kurdish]] state.<ref name="Jongerden">{{Cite journal|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|date=2017-10-01|title=Gender equality and radical democracy: Contractions and conflicts in relation to the "new paradigm" within the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)|url=https://journals.openedition.org/anatoli/618|journal=Anatoli. De l'Adriatique à la Caspienne. Territoires, Politique, Sociétés|language=en|issue=8|pages=233–256|doi=10.4000/anatoli.618|issn=2111-4064}}</ref> It is designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey,<ref name="RadioFrance" /> the [[United States]],<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|url=https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US}}</ref> the [[European Union]],<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Turkey 2019 Report|url=https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20190529-turkey-report.pdf|access-date=16 December 2019|website=ec.europa.eu|page=5}}</ref> and some other countries.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=department|first=Attorney-General's|title=Listed terrorist organisations|url=https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205054738/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=5 February 2016|access-date=18 December 2019|website=www.nationalsecurity.gov.au|language=en-au}}</ref><ref name="Japan_ban">{{cite web|title=MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html|archive-date=6 April 2013|access-date=21 November 2013}}</ref> The PKK was formed as part of the Kurdish nationalist schism within the Turkish [[communism|communist]] movement<ref name="Jongerden"/> and the growing discontent over the suppression of Turkey's Kurds, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for the Kurdish minority.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan">{{cite book|last1=Joseph|first1=J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G06BDAAAQBAJ|title=Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges|date=2006|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=0230598587|location=Basingstoke [England]|page=100}}</ref> Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life to prevent separatism.<ref name="NYTK">Toumani, Meline. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/magazine/17turkey-t.html?ex=1361854800&en=df64cf85326e2103&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink Minority Rules], ''[[New York Times]]'', 17 February 2008</ref> Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|last1=Aslan|first1=Senem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTAWBQAAQBAJ|title=Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco|date=2014|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1107054608|page=134}}</ref> The PKK's response to these policies has been the bombing of downtowns, the massacre of civilians, and the destruction of schools and hospitals in the Kurdish-majority cities of Turkey.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10576100701558620|doi = 10.1080/10576100701558620|title = The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study|year = 2007|last1 = Roth|first1 = Mitchel P.|last2 = Sever|first2 = Murat|journal = Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume = 30|issue = 10|pages = 901–920|s2cid = 110700560}}</ref><ref name="amnestysecurity"/><ref name="childsoldiers"/> It has faced condemnation by some countries and human rights organizations for the killing of teachers and civil servants,<ref name="amnestysecurity">{{Cite web | url = https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a9ea0.html | title = No Security Without Human Rights | publisher = [[Amnesty International]] | access-date = 1 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Öğretmen Necmettin Yılmaz'ın Öldürülmesini Kınıyoruz!|url=https://www.ihd.org.tr/ogretmen-necmettin-yilmazin-oldurulmesini-kiniyoruz/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=[[İnsan Hakları Derneği]]|language=tr}}</ref> using [[Suicide attack|suicide bombers]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foreign diplomats, countries condemn Cizre attack - World News|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/foreign-diplomats-countries-condemn-cizre-attack-103271|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PKK claims deadly suicide bombing at Turkish police station|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pkk-claims-responsibility-suicide-bombing-left-11-dead-turkey-1381604350|access-date=27 December 2018|website=Middle East Eye|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214114351/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pkk-claims-responsibility-suicide-bombing-left-11-dead-turkey-1381604350|url-status=dead}}</ref> and recruiting child soldiers.<ref name="childsoldiers">{{Cite web | url = https://www.refworld.org/docid/498805c428.html | title = Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - Turkey | publisher = [[Child Soldiers International]] | access-date = 1 February 2021 }}</ref><ref name="HRWCS">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-22|title=Iraq: Armed Groups Using Child Soldiers|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/22/iraq-armed-groups-using-child-soldiers-0|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> It was armed by the [[Obama administration]].<ref>https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/antifa-ypg-pkk-ties-threaten-national-peace-in-west/1899520</ref> The PKK trained [[Antifa]] fighters in Northern [[Syria]].<ref>https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/war-on-terror/ypgpkk-recruited-foreign-fighters-from-antifa-groups-in-western-countries-report-says</ref>