Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, fell to followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, commonly known as the [[Khmer Rouge]], on April 17, 1975. Over the next four years, the Khmer Rouge enacted a genocidal policy that would kill over one-fourth of all Cambodians, or more than 2 million people. Investigators have uncovered and examined the remains of 1,386,734 Cambodians found in mass graves near Khmer Rouge execution centers whose cause of death has been determined to have been virtually exclusively execution by the former Khmer Rouge regime. <ref>http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm</ref> Because only about one-half to a third of those who died during the Khmer Rouge years were executed (the rest having died from other causes like state-created famine, the deliberate withholding of basic necessities by the state, the refusal by the state to allow foreign aid, the abolishing of medicine and hospitals by the state, systematic overwork and slave labor by the state, brutal mistreatment by the state, and normal mortality), the Documentation Center of Cambodia estimates that the former regime killed or otherwise caused the unnecessary deaths of, between 2.0 and 2.5 million Cambodians, with a most likely estimate of 2.2 million.<ref>http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm</ref> This is because 2.5 to 3 million Cambodians died from 75-79, and 500,000 deaths over this time would have represented normal mortality. A UN investigation reported 2-3 million dead, while UNICEF estimated 3 million had been killed.<ref>William Shawcross, The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience (Touchstone, 1985), p115-6</ref> Even the Khmer Rouge acknowledged that 2 million had been killed—though they attributed those deaths to a subsequent Vietnamese invasion.<ref>Khieu Samphan, Interview, Time, March 10, 1980</ref> By late 1979, UN and Red Cross officials were warning that another 2.25 million Cambodians faced death by starvation due to “the near destruction of Cambodian society under the regime of ousted Prime Minister Pol Pot,”<ref>New York Times, August 8, 1979.</ref><ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,912511,00.html</ref> who were saved by American and international aid.
The victorious Communists perpetrated a huge bloodbath in South Vietnam, murdering hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese men, women, and children in cold blood. The victorious Communist troops entering South Vietnam massacred around 100,000 civilians who attempted to flee the "Highlands" offensive.<ref>Phan (1988, p.xiv); Wiesner (1988, pp.318-19); Rummel acknowledges this but does not count it as democidal</ref> US intelligence conservatively estimated that some 65,000 were executed,<ref>http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm</ref> but the most exact study documented 70,000 executions in the first ninety days of the fall of Saigon,<ref>http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/story.htm</ref> which would put the most likely figure in the vicinity of Rummel's 100,000 executed.<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1B.GIF</ref> Vietnamese defectors, and a former Gulag commander<ref>Human Events, August 27, 1977 (defector); Al Santoli, ed., To Bear Any Burden (Indiana University Press, 1999), pp272, 292-3 (commander)</ref> testified that more than 200-250,000 were targets for execution,<ref>http://www.paulbogdanor.com/chomsky/manufacturing.html</ref> a finding which would imply a roughly similar total for those who were actually executed. Jacqueline Desbarats and Karl Jackson, cited by the State Department for their figure of 65,000 executions; later concluded that this figure was absurdly low and that the real number was probably twice as large.<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1B.GIF</ref> More than one million were sent to concentration camps, of whom some 165,000 were never seen again.<ref>Orange County Register (29 April 2001)</ref> Another million were deported to the North, and untold tens of thousands died in the process due to epidemics, mistreatment, and starvation.<ref>http://worldview.carnegiecouncil.org/archive/worldview/1977/06/2881.html/_res/id=sa_File1/v20_i006_a014.pdf Based on the lethality of past North Vietnamese deportations, the toll could have been well over 100,000 dead; but Rummel chose not to estimate any deaths from the deportation, apparently because no published estimates as to the dead are available and thus any figure would be highly uncertain. However, deaths from slave labor in the "new economic zones" to which they were deported are counted by Rummel, and certainly overlap with the total number of deaths caused by the deportation</ref> Based on the lowest estimates available as to the number of slave laborers and the percent who died from overwork; at least 50,000 more South Vietnamese were worked to death through hard labor projects.<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1B.GIF</ref> The toll could have been as high as 155,000. Based on the total number of refugees who fled from Vietnam--more than 3 million--an absolute minimum of 300,000 boat people died at sea, since the lowest estimate ever put forward as to how many died was 10%.<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1B.GIF</ref> The highest possible figure, based on the number who arrived to freedom, would probably be on the order of Rummel's 500,000. A mid-value estimate would thus be on the order of 400,000 dead, in line with UN estimates,<ref> Associated Press, June 23, 1979.</ref> but far lower than the estimates of the Vietnamese government.<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1B.GIF</ref> In sum, then, some 800,000 South Vietnamese were killed by the Communists after the US withdrawal. This is roughly what one would expect given that the widely cited estimates range from 600,000 to 1,000,000; it can be checked by a comparison of how many refugees fled the slaughter--and what this implies about its scale--and how many South Vietnamese fled the war itself. These considerations give us no reason to adjust this total, and suggest it may even be conservative. Finally, some 171,500 were killed in the invasion of South Vietnam,<ref>http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm#Vietnam</ref> putting the total number of Vietnamese dead after 1973 at nearly one million.
The Pathet Lao overthrew the Royalist Government of Laos in December 1975. They established a Communist dictatorship known as the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The Pathet Lao waged a campaign of genocide, exterminating an estimated over 100,000 Hmong tribespeople. They inflicted massacres, terror bombing, concentration camps, and mass rape.<ref>Forced Back and Forgotten (Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights, 1989); and Jane Hamilton-Merrit, ''Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos'' (Indiana University Press, 1999)</ref> The Communists killed over 184,000 people in Laos altogether.<ref>http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat5.htm#Lao75</ref>