World History Study Guide from 1648
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This is the growing list of study terms for World history, from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the CLEP exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in World History Study Guide to 1648.
This should grow to about 500 terms -- about half non-honors and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011 or early January 2012.
Regular/non-honors study terms
Term | Definition |
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Age of Exploration | A time period where nation-states in Europe (mainly England France Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to far lands. The American continents were found during this period. |
Bastille Day | |
Caravel | A miniature, highly maneuverable, light weight ship developed by the Portuguese. Often used to carry cargo. |
Charles Dickens | (1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period. Author of many iconic novels and characters which we admire to this day. |
Christopher Columbus | (1451-1506)Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, but landed on the "New World" instead. |
England | An imperialistic nation-state based out of the British isles off the coast of Europe. England was also the largest non-contiguous empire in history. |
Forbidden City | Imperial palace located in Beijing, China. Used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties. |
Glorious Revolution | Revolution that took place in England in the year 1688. Replaced King James II of England with a Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary. |
Isaac Newton | (1643-1727) Man who discovered and explained the invisible force of gravity. |
The Enlightenment | Characterized by rationalist philosophers challenging assumed beliefs up till the enlightenment. Possibly caused by the Scientific Revolution's ability to explain the universe. Highlights include Voltaire, Hume, Descartes, Kant, Smith, Burke, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot. |
James Stuart | Cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I. Under his reign, the "Gunpowder Plot" was invented, and the King James Version of the Bible was published. Contrary to his cousin Elizabeth, James I fought with Parliament continually. |
John Locke | (1632-1704) Famous English enlightenment philosopher. Created idea of Government's Social Contract. Created idea of "Social Contract" that prompted protestant rebellion in England and American Revolution. |
Voltaire | (1694-1778) Famous French Enlightenment philosopher. Voltaire taught of absolute freedom, but resulting revolution devolved into mindless bloodshed. Nevertheless Voltaire was the leader of the enlightenment and greatest figure in the Enlightenment. |
Nation-state | A country in Europe governed by a monarch. These began to develop in the 1400s the largest Three being England, France and Spain. |
Monarch | The absolute ruler of a nation-state who is above the law. |
Capitalism | An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails. |
Columbian Exchange | The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492. |
Copernicus, Nicolaus | (1473-1543) A Polish scientist who was the first to discover the concept of the earth revolving around the sun. |
Cortes | Led the conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire. |
Czars | Absolute emperors of Russia in the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible." |
Neo-Confucianism | More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's. |
Reign of Terror | Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason |
Napoleon | (lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo |
Battle of Waterloo | 1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain |
Congress of Vienna | 1815 Convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others |
Concert of Europe | Established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe |
Edmund Burke | (1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution. He coined the phrase "salutary neglect" for the colonies, and his political assessments were often brilliant, as when he predicted a bad outcome for the French Revolution. |
David Hume | (1711-1776) A Scottish philosopher and historian who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than spirituality. He was a “skeptic” (non-believer) towards religion, and wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature." Hume believed in relativism rather than absolute truth. |
Immanuel Kant | (1724-1804) A leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering would thus be immoral). Kant wrote “A Critique of Pure Reason” to criticize the use of pure reason to determine morality. |
Declaration of Independence | (1776) Established the right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates natural rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. |
United States Constitution | (1787) The oldest working constitution in the world, it established a masterful design for government. |
The Federalist Papers | (1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison |
Industrial Revolution | the totality of the changes in economic and social organizationthat began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. Origin 1840-1850 |
Cotton | |
James Clerk Maxwell | (1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor. |
Louis Pasteur | 1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera. |
Bernhard Riemann | |
Slavery | the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune |
Realism | the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence |
Steamboat | |
Economies of scale | |
Enclosure movement | |
Adam Smith | |
Factors of production | |
Oliver Cromwell | |
Queen Elizabeth | |
Victor Hugo | |
William Prynne | |
French Revolution | Jerk Face!!! |
Prince Henry the Navigator | |
Bartholomew Diaz | |
Ferdinand and Isabella | |
William and Mary | |
Reconquista | |
Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere) |
Line of Demarcation | a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas. |
Ferdinand Magellan | 1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey. |
Otto von Bismarck | |
Napoleon III | |
First French Empire | |
Second French Empire | |
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