World History Study Guide from 1648

This is the growing list of study terms for World history, from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the CLEP exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in World History Study Guide to 1648.

This should grow to about 500 terms -- about half non-honors and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011 or early January 2012.

Regular/non-honors study terms

Term	Definition
Age of Exploration	A time period where nation-states in Europe (mainly England France Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to far lands. The American continents were found during this period.
Bastille Day
Caravel	A miniature, highly maneuverable, light weight ship developed by the Portuguese. Often used to carry cargo.
Charles Dickens	(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period. Author of many iconic novels and characters which we admire to this day.
Christopher Columbus	(1451-1506)Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, but landed on the "New World" instead.
England	An imperialistic nation-state based out of the British isles off the coast of Europe. England was also the largest non-contiguous empire in history.
Forbidden City	Imperial palace located in Beijing, China. Used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Glorious Revolution	Revolution that took place in England in the year 1688. Replaced King James II of England with a Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
Isaac Newton	(1643-1727) Man who discovered and explained the invisible force of gravity.
The Enlightenment	Characterized by rationalist philosophers challenging assumed beliefs up till the enlightenment. Possibly caused by the Scientific Revolution's ability to explain the universe. Highlights include Voltaire, Hume, Descartes, Kant, Smith, Burke, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
James Stuart	Cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I. Under his reign, the "Gunpowder Plot" was invented, and the King James Version of the Bible was published. Contrary to his cousin Elizabeth, James I fought with Parliament continually.
John Locke	(1632-1704) Famous English enlightenment philosopher. Created idea of Government's Social Contract. Created idea of "Social Contract" that prompted protestant rebellion in England and American Revolution.
Voltaire	(1694-1778) Famous French Enlightenment philosopher. Voltaire taught of absolute freedom, but resulting revolution devolved into mindless bloodshed. Nevertheless Voltaire was the leader of the enlightenment and greatest figure in the Enlightenment.
Nation-state	A country in Europe governed by a monarch. These began to develop in the 1400s the largest Three being England, France and Spain.
Monarch	The absolute ruler of a nation-state who is above the law.
Capitalism	An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
Columbian Exchange	The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Copernicus, Nicolaus	(1473-1543) A Polish scientist who was the first to discover the concept of the earth revolving around the sun.
Cortes	Led the conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire.
Czars	Absolute emperors of Russia in the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
Neo-Confucianism	More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.
Reign of Terror	Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
Napoleon	(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
Battle of Waterloo	1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
Congress of Vienna	1815 Convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others
Concert of Europe	Established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
Edmund Burke	(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution. He coined the phrase "salutary neglect" for the colonies, and his political assessments were often brilliant, as when he predicted a bad outcome for the French Revolution.
David Hume	(1711-1776) A Scottish philosopher and historian who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than spirituality. He was a “skeptic” (non-believer) towards religion, and wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature." Hume believed in relativism rather than absolute truth.
Immanuel Kant	(1724-1804) A leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering would thus be immoral). Kant wrote “A Critique of Pure Reason” to criticize the use of pure reason to determine morality.
Declaration of Independence	(1776) Established the right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates natural rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
United States Constitution	(1787) The oldest working constitution in the world, it established a masterful design for government.
The Federalist Papers	(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
Industrial Revolution	the totality of the changes in economic and social organizationthat began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. Origin 1840-1850
Cotton	Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
James Clerk Maxwell	(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
Louis Pasteur	1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
Bernhard Riemann
Slavery	the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
Realism	the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence
Steamboat	A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.
Economies of scale
Enclosure movement
Adam Smith	Adam Smith (June 16, 1723 to July 17, 1790) was a Scottish political economist and moral philosopher, and was the man who came up with the idea of the "Invisable Hand."
Factors of production
Oliver Cromwell
Queen Elizabeth Ruled from 1558-1603, and was known as the "Virgin Queen" and Virgina was named in her honor, she also launched the most cruel and bloody persecution that brought about great martyrs, such as St. Edmund Campion and St. Thomas Moore.
Victor Hugo
William Prynne
French Revolution	The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Bartholomew Diaz
Ferdinand and Isabella	Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.
William and Mary	William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.
Reconquista
Treaty of Tordesillas	1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
Line of Demarcation	a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
Ferdinand Magellan	1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
Otto von Bismarck
Napoleon III
First French Empire
Second French Empire
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