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| − | '''Scots''' refers to the [[indiginous]] [[language]] of lowland [[Scotland]] and parts of the north of [[Ireland]] where it is also known as Ulster Scots. | + | ==Scots (the people)== |
| − | Since there are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing languages from [[dialect]]s, scholars and other interested parties often disagree about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots. Although a number of paradigms for distinguishing between languages and dialects do exist these often render contradictory results Consequently Scots has, on the one hand, been traditionally regarded as one of the [[ancient]] dialects of [[English]] but with its own ancient and distinct dialects. Scots has often been treated as part of English as spoken in Scotland but differs significantly from the Standard Scottish English taught in schools. On the other hand, it has been regarded as a distinct [[German]]ic language the way [[Swedish]] is distinct from [[Danish]]. Its subordination to [[Anglo]]-English has also been compared to the subordination of [[Frisian]] to [[Dutch]] in the [[Netherlands]].Thus Scots can be interpreted as a collective term for the dialects of English spoken or originating in Scotland, or it can be interpreted as the autochthonous language of Lowland Scotland.<ref>A.J. Aitken in ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' p.894</ref>
| + | The term '''Scots''' can refer to the people of [[Scotland]]. The Scottish are a [[Celt|Celtic]] people. |
| − | The British Government has accepted the second interpretation:
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| − | :"The UK Government announced on 4 June 1998 its decision to sign the [[Council of Europe]] [[Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]. This came into effect as of the 1 July 2001. The Scots language will be covered by Part II of the Charter. By applying Part II of the Charter to Scots the Government will be recognising the distinctive nature and cultural value of the language." <ref>http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm</ref>
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| − | ==Spelling and Pronuciation== | + | ==Scots (the language)== |
| | + | '''Scots''' is a language descended from Old English, it is spoken by up to 1,500,000 people in the Lowlands of Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland where it is known as Ulster Scots or Ullans. |
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| − | An apostrophe has been used in the past where it supposedly represented a "missing" English letter. Such letters were never actually missing in Scots. Contemporary writers now generally avoid such apostrophes.
| + | Scots is part of the Anglic language group along with the closely related, and sometimes mutually intelligible, [[English]] language. |
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| − | '''Consonants'''
| + | ==External links== |
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| − | Most consonants are usually pronounced much as in English but:
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| − | *'''c''': /k/ or /s/, much as in English.
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| − | *'''ch''': /x/, also '''gh'''. Medial 'cht' may be /ð/ in Northern dialects. ''loch'' (fjord or lake), ''nicht'' (night), ''dochter'' (daughter), ''dreich'' (dreary), etc. Similar to the German "Na'''ch'''t".
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| − | *'''ch''': word initial or where it follows 'r' /tʃ/. ''airch'' (arch), ''mairch'' (march), etc.
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| − | *'''gn''': /n/. In Northern dialects /gn/ may occur.
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| − | *'''kn''': /n/. In Northern dialects /kn/ or /tn/ may occur. ''knap'' (talk), ''knee'', ''knowe'' (knoll), etc.
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| − | *'''ng''': is always /ŋ/.
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| − | *'''nch''': usually /nʃ/. ''brainch'' (branch), ''dunch'' (push), etc.
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| − | *'''r''': /r/ is pronounced in all positions, i.e. rhotically.
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| − | *'''s''' or '''se''': /s/ or /z/.
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| − | *'''t''': may be a glottal stop between vowels or word final. In Ulster dentalised pronunciations may also occur, also for 'd'.
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| − | *'''th''': /ð/ or /θ/ much as is English. Initial 'th' in ''thing'', ''think'' and ''thank'', etc. may be /h/.
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| − | *'''wh''': usually /ʍ/, older /xʍ/. Northern dialects also have /f/.
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| − | *'''wr''': /wr/ more often /r/ but may be /vr/ in Northern dialects. ''wrack'' (wreck), ''wrang'' (wrong), ''write'', ''wrocht'' (worked), etc.
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| − | *'''z''': /jɪ/ or /ŋ/, may occur in some words as a substitute for the older <3> (yogh). For example: ''brulzie'' (broil), ''gaberlunzie'' (a beggar) and the names ''Menzies'', ''Finzean'', ''Culzean'', ''MacKenzie'' etc.
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| − | '''Silent letters'''
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| − | *The word final 'd' in '''nd''' and '''ld''': but often pronounced in derived forms. Sometimes simply 'n' and 'l' or 'n'' and 'l''. ''auld'' (old), ''haund'' (hand), etc.
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| − | *'t' in medial '''cht''': ('ch' = /x/) and '''st''' and before final '''en'''. ''fochten'' (fought), ''thristle'' (thistle) also 't' in ''aften'' (often), etc.
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| − | *'t' in word final '''ct''' and '''pt''' but often pronounced in derived forms. ''respect'', ''accept'', etc.
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| − | '''Vowels'''
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| − | In Scots, [[vowel]] length is usually conditioned by the ''Scottish vowel length rule''. Words which differ only slightly in pronunciation from ''Scottish English'' are generally spelled as in English. Other words may be spelt the same but differ in pronunciation, for example: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' and ''wash'' with /a/, ''bull'', ''full'' v. and ''pull'' with /ʌ/, ''bind'', ''find'' and ''wind'' v., etc. with /ɪ/.
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| − | *The unstressed vowel /ə/ may be represented by any vowel letter.
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| − | *'''a''': usually /a/ but in south west and Ulster dialects often /ɑ/. Note final ''a'' in ''awa'' (away), ''twa'' (two) and ''wha'' (who) may also be /ɑ/ or /ɔ/ or /e/ depending on dialect.
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| − | *'''au''', '''aw''' and sometimes '''a''', '''a'''' or '''aa''': /ɑ:/ or /ɔ:/ in Southern, Central and Ulster dialects but /a:/ in Northern dialects. The cluster 'auld' may also be /ʌul/ in Ulster. ''aw'' (all), ''cauld'' (cold), ''braw'' (handsome), ''faw'' (fall), ''snaw'' (snow), etc.
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| − | *'''ae''', '''ai''', '''a'''(consonant)'''e''': /e/. Often /ɛ/ before /r/. In Northern dialects the vowel in the cluster -'ane' is often /i/. ''brae'' (slope), ''saip'' (soap), ''hale'' (whole), ''ane'' (one), ''ance'' (once), ''bane'' (bone), etc.
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| − | *'''ea''', '''ei''', '''ie''': /i:/ or /e:/ depending on dialect. /ɛ/ may occur before /r/. Root final this may be /əi/ in Southern dialects. In the far north /əi/ may occur. ''deid'' (dead), ''heid'' (head), ''meat'' (food), ''clear'', ''speir'' (enquire), ''sea'', etc.
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| − | *'''ee''', '''e'''(Consonant)'''e''': /i:/. Root final this may be /əi/ in Southern dialects. ''ee'' (eye), ''een'' (eyes), ''steek'' (shut), ''here'', etc.
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| − | *'''e''': /ɛ/. ''bed'', ''het'' (heated), ''yett'' (gate), etc.
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| − | *'''eu''': /(j)u/ or /(j)ʌ/ depending on dialect. Sometimes erroneously 'oo', 'u(consonant)e', 'u' or 'ui'. ''beuk'' (book), ''ceuk'' (cook), ''eneuch'' (enough), ''leuk'' (look), ''teuk'' (took), etc.
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| − | *'''ew''': /ju/. In Northern dialects a root final 'ew' may be /jʌu/. ''few'', ''new'', etc.
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| − | *'''i''': /ɪ/, but often varies between /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ especially after 'w' and 'wh'. /æ/ also occurs in Ulster before voiceless consonants. ''big'', ''fit'' (foot), ''wid'' (wood), etc.
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| − | *'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''', '''ey''': /əi/ or /aɪ/. 'ay' is usually /e/ but /əi/ in ''ay'' (yes) and ''aye'' (always). In Dundee it is noticeably /ɛ/.
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| − | *'''o''': /ɔ/ but often /o/.
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| − | *'''oa''': /o/.
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| − | *'''ow''', '''owe''' (root final), seldom '''ou''': /ʌu/. Before 'k' vocalisation to /o/ may occur especially in western and Ulster dialects. ''bowk'' (retch), ''bowe'' (bow), ''howe'' (hollow), ''knowe'' (knoll), ''cowp'' (overturn), ''yowe'' (ewe), etc.
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| − | *'''ou''', '''oo''', '''u'''(consonant)'''e''': /u/. Root final /ʌu/ may occur in Southern dialects. ''cou'' (cow), ''broun'' (brown), ''hoose'' (house), ''moose'' (mouse) etc.
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| − | *'''u''': /ʌ/. ''but'', ''cut'', etc.
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| − | *'''ui''', also '''u'''(consonant)'''e''', '''oo''': /ø/ in conservative dialects. In parts of Fife, Dundee and north Antrim /e/. In Northern dialects usually /i/ but /wi/ after /g/ and /k/ and also /u/ before /r/ in some areas eg. ''fuird'' (ford). Mid Down and Donegal dialects have /i/. In central and north Down dialects /ɪ/ when short and /e/ when long. ''buird'' (board), ''buit'' (boot), ''cuit'' (ankle), ''fluir'' (floor), ''guid'' (good), ''schuil'' (school), etc. In central dialects ''uise'' v. and ''uiss'' n. (use) are [je:z] and [jɪs].
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| − | '''Suffixes'''
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| − | *Negative '''na''': /na/, /nɪ/ or /ne/ depending on dialect. Also 'nae' or 'y' eg. ''canna'' (can't), ''dinna'' (don't) and ''maunna'' (mustn't).
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| − | *'''fu''' (ful): /fu/, /fɪ/, /fɑ/ or /fe/ depending on dialect. Also 'fu'', 'fie', 'fy', 'fae' and 'fa'.
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| − | *The word ending '''ae''': /ɑ/, /ɪ/ or /e/ depending on dialect. Also 'a', 'ow' or 'y', for example: ''arrae'' (arrow), ''barrae'' (barrow) and ''windae'' (window), etc.
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| − | ==Web Links== | + | |
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| | * [http://www.scots-online.org/ Scots-online] | | * [http://www.scots-online.org/ Scots-online] |
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | <references/> | | <references/> |
| − | [[category: languages]] | + | |
| − | [[Category:Scotland]] | + | [[Category:Scottish Languages]] |
| | + | [[category:Germanic languages]] |
Scots is part of the Anglic language group along with the closely related, and sometimes mutually intelligible, English language.
