Debate:Is homosexuality a mental illness?
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Contents
The debate lies in definition
Such a question has a definitive answer. If you compare the definition of homosexuality against the definition of mental illness then you determine the answer. One can only disagree on the definitions of these words, that is where the true debate lies. Is there is disagreement between professional taxonomists on what is homosexuality or a disagreement about what a mental illness is between professional psychologists? These don't appear to be in dispute so this question inherently isn't up for debate.
YES
You'd have to be crazy to do something which you know is forbidden in the Bible, and then like the adulteress, "wipe your mouth and say you have not sinned". Denial of the sinfulness of homosexuality is part of the insanity of it all.
- Just so you know, not everyone believes in your Bible. You'd have to be crazy to believe that everyone does.
- Loads of sane people sin. Sex before marriage, murder greed, etc.
- Everyone sins, sane or not. But sane people admit the fact that they sin and are fallen images of God and would burn in eternal fires were it not for Jesus' sacrifice.
- Loads of sane people sin. Sex before marriage, murder greed, etc.
Furthermore, it is a development disorder which begins in early childhood. Attempts to consider it "normal" are politically and ideologically motivated.
Homosexuality comes from unhappiness within the family and leads to further unhappiness when embraced. It's like a facial defect (such as a cleft palate) which could be corrected with plastic surgery.
Gay rights activists complain that society's refusal to accept them as they are and to okay their sexual activities, is the only thing that stops them from being happy. But this is a foolish falsehood. Within the "gay community", the murder rate is high, The murder rate is 15 times higher among homosexuals than heterosexuals. [1] and even in "gay enclaves" like Provincetown, Massachusetts where there is no societal disapproval at all the rates for depression, suicide, Since homosexuals have greater numbers of partners and breakups, compared with heterosexuals, and since longterm gay male relationships are rarely monagamous, it is hardly surprising if suicide attempts are proportionally greater. [2] drug abuse, etc. are much higher than normal.
Homosexuality is not a normal way of being. It was not created or intended by God. It is a sin and a mental illness. --Ed Poor 07:50, 23 May 2007 (EDT)
- N.E. Whitehead, Ph.D., wrote:
- A strong case can be made that the male homosexual lifestyle itself, in its most extreme form, is mentally disturbed. Remember that Rotello, a gay advocate, notes that "the outlaw aspect of gay sexual culture, its transgressiveness, is seen by many men as one of its greatest attributes." Same-sex eroticism becomes for many, therefore, the central value of existence, and nothing else--not even life and health itself--is allowed to interfere with pursuit of this lifestyle. [2] --Ed Poor 08:04, 23 May 2007 (EDT)
- I wanted to start off by saying that a few comments that Ed Poor made are not scientific. If this is a scientific debate, than keep it that way. If you want to turn in into a theological debate justifying homophobia than move the debate elsewhere.
- My scientific and theological statements each stand on their own. Please respond to science with science and theology with theology, rather than dismissing my statements. Otherwise, there is no debate.
- To state unequivocally that homosexuality "is a development disorder which begins in early childhood," is dishonest. Homosexuality is no longer considered a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization. [3] [4] Assuming homosexuality was a mental disorder, there is no justification for excluding theories discussing the origins of homosexuality. There may still be a biological or environmental basis for such sexual orientation even if it was remotely close to being considered a mental disorder. Mental disorders are arguably subjective classifications, do not address why such disorders occur, and such a classification is overall irrelevant to understanding homosexual behavior. [5]
- Your accusation of dishonesty is misplaced. Positions taken by the APA or WHO are not related to the science; those organizations are politicized (see politicized science). What matters is the research.
- Additionally, your reference to a biological basis is incorrect, as scientists have yet to find one - despite media campaigns about a "gay gene", the research points away from genetics.
- As to "environment", if you mean the way children are brought up in their families, then this proves my point. If homosexuals are made, then homosexuals can be cured (although this is harder: see reparative therapy). --Ed Poor Talk 08:38, 8 March 2009 (EDT)
Homosexuality is not a normal way of being. It was not created or intended by God. It is a sin and a mental illness. --Ed Poor 07:50, 23 May 2007 (EDT)
- N.E. Whitehead, Ph.D., wrote:
- A strong case can be made that the male homosexual lifestyle itself, in its most extreme form, is mentally disturbed. Remember that Rotello, a gay advocate, notes that "the outlaw aspect of gay sexual culture, its transgressiveness, is seen by many men as one of its greatest attributes." Same-sex eroticism becomes for many, therefore, the central value of existence, and nothing else--not even life and health itself--is allowed to interfere with pursuit of this lifestyle. [2] --Ed Poor 08:04, 23 May 2007 (EDT)
- I wanted to start off by saying that a few comments that Ed Poor made are not scientific. If this is a scientific debate, than keep it that way. If you want to turn in into a theological debate justifying homophobia than move the debate elsewhere.
- To state unequivocally that homosexuality "is a development disorder which begins in early childhood," is dishonest. Homosexuality is no longer considered a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization. [6] [7] Assuming homosexuality was a mental disorder, there is no justification for excluding theories discussing the origins of homosexuality. There may still be a biological or environmental basis for such sexual orientation even if it was remotely close to being considered a mental disorder. Mental disorders are arguably subjective classifications, do not address why such disorders occur, and such a classification is overall irrelevant to understanding homosexual behavior. [8]
- If "attempts to consider [homosexuality] 'normal' are politically and ideologically motivated," then attempts to consider it abnormal are also politically and ideologically motivated.
- I'm really not sure why the cleft palate analogy would make sense. Does cleft palate develop "from unhappiness with the family?" And does it lead "to further unhappiness when embraced?" That aside, the gist of this statement is that homosexuality can be treated. I'll explain how that is just plain false.
- People who denigrate or attack homosexuals for their behavior can negatively impact those individuals and can lead to depression. Is that so hard to understand? Again, making statements about the correlation of homosexuality with crime rates, depression and suicide is intellectually dishonest. Correlation is not the same as causation.
- By far the biggest concern with Ed's statements is the use of his references. The first reference leads to "Notes From the Adult Classes 2006 Evening Vacation Bible School" at http://www.logosresourcepages.org. These notes, not to mention the parent site, are chalk full of religious ideology and scriptural references. Remember my first paragraph concerning the religious realm cutting into scientific inquiry? Keep it scientific and leave theology out of it.
- The second reference is even more disturbing, hands down. NARTH, the National Association for Research and Therapy for Homosexuality espouses using reparative therapy to "cure" homosexual behavior. Reparative therapy has never been proven to work and papers published by those who use this method are never peer-reviewed. [9] Here is one of their mission statements from their website:
"NARTH, founded in 1992, is composed of psychiatrists, psychologists, certified social workers, professional and pastoral counselors and other behavioral scientists, as well as laymen from a wide variety of backgrounds such as law, religion, and education." [10]
- Again, what does religion have to do with a scientific issue? Why are there pastoral counselors and religious lay-people working for a research and therapy organization?
- Not only that but, those working as psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and educators at NARTH are not backed by their peers. Organizations that do not accept reparative therapy include the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Counseling Association, the National Association of Social Workers, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Association of School Administrators, the American Federation of Teachers, the National Association of School Psychologists, the American Academy of Physician Assistants, and the National Education Association. [11]
- Finally, N.E. Whitehead's, or Neil E. Whitehead's, quote makes serious assumptions and leaps of logic. If a gay advocate sees the "outlaw" aspect of homosexuality as a positive benefit, that doesn't mean that all homosexuals do. Nor does it mean that "outlaw" behavior is negative. "Outlaw" behavior is in response to what society already deems to be taboo, or a sin. To then say that many people who value same-sex behavior and therefore see this behavior as the only value of existence, is just false. Is there not room to be gay, have a family, do community service, go to church, and generally "value life?" Everyone values life. In sum, this debate has already been settled by the scientific community. --Edge333 16:33, 14 June 2007 (EDT)
Is Sin a mental illness? It does affect the mind. You can't separate God from man. Man was created in His image and likeness. To go against the Creator and sin, you are writing checks to the Devil and his demons.-- jp 23:32, 23 September 2008 (EDT)
I believe it's a visual thing, a choice to veer off because it's now acceptable. It completely diverts away from the symbolic union of man and woman, which is just more natural. It is like a novelty.You can say a person has a choice to like whichever sex they want, but what it boils down to is continuity of the human race. Man and woman works, man and man only works through adoption or test tube babies. It's a horrible turnaround from the decent. After all, one can make themselves like any gender if they want to, but the point is to resist this temptation. It's just too easy and just too wrong. Life is about the thrill of the catch. rickyzz
NO
A person should not be said to have a mental illness unless the person's actions substantially impair their ability to function in their work or personal life. Homosexuality does not impair one's ability to function; it does not impair a person's ability to fulfill their responsibilities at work, and does not prevent them from creating and maintaining meaningful and healthy personal relationships. Additionally, homosexuals are as psychologically healthy as heterosexuals. (Strickland, B.R. (1995). Research on sexual orientation and human development: A commentary. Developmental Psychology, 31, 137-140). Problems with homosexuality stem from the attitudes and actions of others toward homosexuals rather than from a homosexual's sexual preference.
On the other hand, one could certainly make a strong argument that homophobia is a mental illness. Homophobia, as an intense, irrational hostility toward or fear of homosexuals, has a high potential for impairing an individual's ability to perform in their employment. The majority of careers will require interacting with homosexuals at some point. If a person has such a loathing or fear of these individuals that he cannot work well with them, his homophobia will prevent him from fulfilling his employment responsibilities. --Laches 16:07, 24 May 2007 (EDT)
Laches, in that case it sounds like you might be suffering from heterophobia. If people want to apply the label of mental illness to everything they don't approve of then that can be a serious problem also. Such as the person that said the children of Christians going to public schools should be treated as if having a mental illness. Can you see the problem with that? I would hope that such people wouldn't be allowed into a position of authority over anyone. But it is just as well they say such things so that it will show the rest of us how intense and irrationally hostile people can be.--Roopilots6 09:48, 1 June 2007 (EDT)
While I don't know what Roopilots6 is trying to say with the heterophobia comment, his basic argument is concise and accurate. The fact that some individuals disagree with homosexuality does not justify the labeling of it as a mental illness.--Laches 12:46, 2 June 2007 (EDT)
NO!!! Homosexuality is not a mental illness,is not immoral, and is not wrong in any way, ask yourself is it your fault you like choclate, or, better yet is it your fault your conservetive, there is nothing wrong being homosexual, and homosexuality s not a mental illness, twins may have identical genetics but just grew up differently and one became homosexual it has no basis in genetics -RG :{
I understand why some people disagree with homosexuality, but, as Laches said, just because people disagree with it does not constitute calling it a mental illness. If that was so, you could call democrats, conservatives, Michael Moore (alright, he is kind of nuts), liking or not liking a TV show, or any number of things a mental illness. Also, tolerating homosexuality is different from accepting it. You don't have to think it's totally alright. Heck, I don't think a lot of things the government does are totally alright. That doesn't mean that I'm an anarchist. I tolerate it. The same thing goes for homosexuality. You may not agree with it, but at least be respectful of it. --SapphoChan17 7:16, 19 July 2007 (EDT) Let me say that it is as much a mental illness as liking the color red, or living in a big house, or anything else that is just a way of life Eljawa 08:41, 25 July 2007 (EDT)
Are you kidding me? Whoever thinks homosexuality is a mental illness is so wrong. The majority of homosexuals are mentally sane and probably moreso than most of the idiots who think there is something wrong with it. Have you people been living in caves? A large proportion of people who have really made an impact on the world in some way are/were homosexuals...think about Oscar Wilde etc.! You people who think it is a mental illness, I have one more thing to say to you, Return to your amish hovels and churn butter until you can do so no more, then sod-off back to the Dark Ages from whence you came! User:bealecr 14:34, 25 September 2007 (EDT)
leave the bible out of this! For gosh sakes, not everything has to do with the bible. It is a book, and like the Koran, even Harry Potter, you can chose to believe in it. If you don't want to, that's fine. Homosexualioty may be a disorder from birth, a disorder won choses, or even just someone choosing to be gay. Most gays proby wouldn't chose this though considering how much flack they get mind you. if it is a disorder who cares though? Being gay should be no different then being black, white, or born with only one leg. We should all strive to achieve whats best for ourselfs and if being gay makes you happy, then go ahead. it doesn't matter if you chose to or not, do what you want. And by the way, how is discriminating against the gays good for heterosexuals? It benefits them in NO way.
It can't be cured and it can't be controlled. So no, of course not. Its seen in nature [and in people]. So what's the problem? That Bible of morals you have also says oppressors should oppress their people (Romans 13), women should be silent in assembly, should submit to their husbands, etc.
Homosexuality is not a mental illness. Someone said it is "a development disorder which begins in early childhood". That is not true. They are confused with an actual psychological disorder called Gender Identity Disorder, or GID. Gender Identity Disorder is commonly first seen in childhood. Children who show these symptoms are sometime called tom boys or nancy boys. Those with GID are homosexual, but they are homosexuals who seek a relationship with a heterosexual. An example would be a natural born male who dresses in woman clothing who seekes a relationship with a heterosexual man. He feels he was born in the wrong body and he should be a female. Many crossdress and consider sex reassignment surgury.
just as much as heterosexuality-Greenmeanie 01:07, 16 May 2008 (EDT)
Is it anyones fault that they like the color blue? Is it anyones fault they like coffee? Is it anyones fault that they're sexually attracted to animals, corpses, or little children? If that's the case, then bestiality, necrophilia, and child molestation aren't immoral either. I mean, you can't help that you want to partake in sexual intercourse with an animal or corpse or child, right? Moral and immoral are based on how you feel towards a matter. That's great to know you don't think its immoral, just know you speak for yourself and your own feelings. I would say to leave morality out of this since obviously there will be different truths. In terms of feelings and most everything, truth is in the mind of the beholder. but back to mental illness, mental illness is a health condition that changes a person’s thinking, feelings, or behavior or all three. But the question with that is, changes their thinking feelings or behavior from what? normal? natural? who decides what is normal or natural? the answer to that is popular opinion. its not necessarily truth, its just an agreement amongst multiple people. So why did the majority of people decide that homosexuality was a mental illness (before 1973 when popular opinion changed) ? I guess that they looked around for answers instead of just deciding things based on feelings. Penis and anus, vagina and vagina, they cant reproduce. The survival of a species is based on its ability to survive and reproduce. If we didn't have the technology we have (such as artificial insemination), and if everyone was homosexual, there would eventually be no more humans. I guess that people said it was a mental illness because they figured that the want of survival of ones' species is normal or natural. (i say we need both homosexual and heterosexual in order to limit the population so that there's enough recourses to go around so that the race of human can continue.) -nathan
The real mental disorder is in believing what Conservapedia writes of homosexuality. Not only is the information misrepresentative, it excludes the fact that while some cases are inflicted by psychosocial causes, homosexuality can sometimes be genetically predisposed and has been observed in many species of animals, but most famously sheep. Either way, homosexuals are still people too and discrimination and persecution is not the answer. There once was a time when interracial marriage was illegal. Gays may become the blacks of tomorrow.
Freud stated that religion is a psychosis. A mental illness. When someone with mental illness accuses someone else of having mental illness, is he informed or crazy? James101.
Being black is genetic, homosexuality on the other hand is behavior, thus a comparison of interracial marriage and homosexual marriage, makes no sense-- 22:16, 23 September 2008 (EDT)
In some cases, homosexuality has been proven to be genetic.
- My following reply answers both this question and if homosexuality is a choice.
- No, it's just a sin. With what previous people have stated, mental illnesses dictate a person's actions. Only with medication and severe therapy are they able to overcome it.
- Homosexuals, whether someone thinks they are (choice) or they were actually melded into that state, they have will power. They can choose whether to act upon it or not. Summary: Homosexuality (attraction) is not a choice. Fake homosexuality (experimentation) is a choice. Homosexuals are not sinful (in this one sexual immorality sense) unless they act upon their attraction.
- Counterpoints/criticism encouraged on my above comments. o.O Nate my opinion matters? 14:41, 2 October 2008 (EDT)
yeah of course being gay is amental illness just like being left handed those revolting left handers how dare they go against the norm! and those people who can't curl their tongue in a tube why it sickens me just to look at them something is obviously wrong with them. and last the most disgusting of all those people who are immune to poison ivy eww can't believe they chose such sick lifestyles can you.(Gosweden)
I'm sorry, but if you think homosexuality is a mental illness (or worse, a choice) then your an ignorant bigot (or just mean, stupid, and/or gullible). Homosexuals are homosexual because of their genes. The ONLY reason people think otherwise is because their religion tells them so and they feel compelled to defend their infallible religion. Unfortunately (sarcasm) we don't live in a biblical world anymore; people can explain homosexuality properly and can be tolerant. I don't really like how religious people today still embrace the terribly old-fashioned viewpoint of the Bible and discriminate. C'mon people! Think for yourselves for once. You're grown adults . . . act that way! Sorta went off on a tangent there...my bad... AShep 21:38, 22 June 2011 (EDT)
Being a gay male, I can tell you that it certainly isn't a choice that I'm attracted to males. And since it does not negatively impact my ability to function in society or impair my thought process in any way, I think I can safely say that it isn't a mental illness. It is a choice to act on desires, but the desires themselves aren't a choice. Just to be clear. So...how is it a disease, again? - MattOfMadison
No, it is not a disease. Homosexuality exists in thousands of species in the world[12][13]. This alone should prove that it is a natural thing, not something to be feared, judged, or labeled as an illness. But, if I must continue, it has existed in cultures throughout history. It was used ceremonially in Ancient Egypt. Ancient Greek and Roman cultures, where we get the foundations for our government, welcomed and often expected homosexuality as part of their lifestyle. How can something so commonly found be written off as an illness? --JoKester 14:12, 27 November 2011 (EST)
More Research Needed
I dunno about this one. I know it's not normal, but I think before we go trying to fix or change something, we should understand it. I'm definitely in favor of research into homosexuality. Only then can we find the right way to fix it. --Hitchens 23:07, 21 December 2007 (EST)
- Why would we need to fix something that does not need to be corrected? ChrisQ 22:40, 27 March 2008 (EDT)
- That is the major point. Where is the problem? As far as we know, Hitler, Stalin, Sadam Hussein, Torquemada, Musolini, all the current African dictators, Somoza, Pinochet, all Chinese presidents or emperators, and so on (we may fill several pages), are/were not homosexual, however, just one of them made more crimes that all the homosexual men together. We need to focus.....
- Are we talking about homosexuality as an attraction or acting upon homosexuality? God doesn't hate His children, He hates their sins. Fellow God-believers...am I right? o.O Nate my opinion matters? 14:46, 2 October 2008 (EDT)
Hello??
Just because it is not "Normal" ~ doesn't mean it needs to be "fixed".
Some of history's greats are also not "normal".
We have a Taiwanese basketball star in Houston who is 7 feet tall.
He doesn't need to be "fixed".
Some more "not normal" greats in history are:
Michaelangelo, Alexander The Great, Eleanor Roosevelt, Ira Gershwin, Sir Elton John, Daniel of the Bible, ............. Oh, I could go on and on.
- Daniel of the Bible was not a homosexual; he knew what God's law was and knew it was an abomination. Your rants have been noted. Karajou 05:06, 25 December 2007 (EST)
Basically...
People hate homosexuality because it's different. It's as normal as heterosexuality is, but because it's not the norm, people hate it. It's that simple. --GunnerRecall 16:54, 17 August 2008 (EDT)
- You should refine your comment and say, "ultra Conservative Christians" instead of "people". o.O Natebecause people listen to what I say? 17:02, 17 August 2008 (EDT)
- Opposition to homosexuality is based on religious and scientific principles. We oppose race prejudice and discrimination without hating racists, simply because we believe that each person should be "judged by the content of their character, not by the color of their skin."[14] Doctors try to cure mental illness out of concern for their patients' well-being. --Ed Poor Talk 08:46, 8 March 2009 (EDT)
By definition, NO
A mental illness is something that disrupts a person's ability to reason and perform everyday activities. Homosexuality does neither of these. There are plenty of intelligent, successful homosexuals that contribute to society. They can still drive their cars, go to work, and do everything else a heterosexual person can do. They can even have sex with the opposite gender, they just don't prefer that. Homosexuality is far from a mental illness. This should really be a morality issue, not an mental health issue. SEdwin 22:37, 20 June 2011 (EDT)
Not According to My High School Health Teacher
My high school health teacher stated that according to some "theory" which he believed, 10% of people would be homosexual no matter what, 10% of people would be heterosexual no matter what, and the other 80% could be influenced one way or the other. Sure doesn't sound like a mental illness, if you can be "influenced" into having it. Regardless of morality, it's not a mental health issue, by the definition of mental health issues. And yes, I have read Homosexuality and obesity, etc. but obesity isn't a mental health issue, either. Neither is AIDS, etc. So those are irrelevant. I should Point out that my high school health teacher had a lot of weird "theories", like how aliens built the pyramids and the government caused 9/11. My friend from debate club offered to debate him on the latter, but backed off after the teacher insisted on being both participant and judge, while my friend wanted the debate club advisor to judge. And we suspected he was on drugs as well, although in 20 years of him teaching at the school, nothing's ever been proven. Yeah, I went to public school. Although I do have several REAL disabilities that effect my academic ability, so my parents considered it important for me to attend a school that could handle those. Thanks to the assistance I received with my disability, I have now managed to become a productive college student, even if the high school education itself wasn't the greatest. And college is more important than high school anyway, as long as you choose the right major. (Of course, I do attend a public University, albeit one that is not in my state) If I lived in one of the neighboring districts, I probably would have ended up in private school, or so I'm told, since they weren't as good at teaching students with disabilities. Gregkochuconn 04:32, 3 August 2012 (EDT)
- I am also familiar with the statistic that shows there are higher rates of mental illness in homosexuals than heterosexuals. Regardless of whether this is due to their actions or society's perception of their actions (which I will not debate, because I know I am in the small minority on this site), this does not prove homosexuality itself is a mental health issue. There is also a higher rate of mental health issues in low-income individuals. But being poor, by itself, is not a mental health issue. Same with homosexuality. Contributing to mental health issues and being a mental health issue are two different things. Gregkochuconn 04:36, 3 August 2012 (EDT)
Evidence For
That so many homosexuals were sexually abused as children, which shows up in numerous studies, suggests that homosexuality is indeed a psychological disorder, similar to an inferiority complex.[12] Estrogen-imitating drugs also create homosexual tendencies.[13] The American Psychological Association until 1973 classified homosexuality as a psychological disorder, and there remains no evidence that it is genetic. Children with older brothers are at a higher risk of being gay[14], also suggesting it's caused by an inferiority complex. While I don't know of any studies on the subject, a hypothesis might be that children of divorced couples are more likely to grow up homosexual given such inferiority complexes and lack of father figures. There are a number of changes in society that could explain the growing trend towards homosexuality. It appears likely to me that it's just a psychological disorder. --Joshua Zambrano 04:55, 5 September 2012 (EDT)
A Thought I've been Having for Quite Some Time
NOTE:Please don't turn my idea into a religious battle based upon my use of "the E word" in the following statement, I'm offering this as an argument in the "mental illness vs non-mental illness" debate, not as a "Evolution vs Creation" statement. With that said, I'd like to make a proposal that homosexuality is possibly a natural/evolutionary mechanism which is activated in a portion of a species when population and/or population density approaches unsustainable levels. I'm not a psychologist or a biologist, so I don't know if labeling it as a "mental illness' is correct or not, but I lean toward no in most cases... with the exception being that some mental illnesses may make a person more likely to perform homosexual acts while untreated. However, this doesn't apply to every homosexual in my experience, as the saying goes "school buses are yellow(in the US[15]), but not everything that is yellow is also a school bus". Based upon my amateur interpretations of what I've read and my application of the scientific method to the data I've seen, this is the solution I've found to be most likely. Here are some scholarly articles I've found on the topic(sorry, full text of some are behind pay-walls, but you can get a good idea from the provided abstract), some support it and some refute it.
- Current Anthropology (June 2000)
- Proceedings of the Royal Society (7 Nov 2004)
- Straight Science by Jim Mcknight (Google Books)
- An American Obsession by Jennifer Terry (Google Books)
- Archives of Sexual Behavior (February 2000)
- Sexual Nature, Sexual Culture edited by Paul R. Abramson, Steven D. Pinkerton (Google Books)
- Anthropology and Population: Problems and Perspectives
- International Journal of Primatology (June 1995)
I'd really like to hear any input the rest of you may have whether you agree or not. Thanks, Fnarrow 13:49, 26 April 2013 (EDT)
References
- ↑ Manfred E. Kober, "Homosexuality: Degeneracy, Debility, or Disease?" class notes, p. 1 [1]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 http://www.narth.com/docs/whitehead.html [2]
- ↑ http://www.psych.org/pnews/00-09-01/recalling.html [3]
- ↑ http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ [4]
- ↑ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-illness/ [5]
- ↑ http://www.psych.org/pnews/00-09-01/recalling.html [6]
- ↑ http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ [7]
- ↑ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-illness/ [8]
- ↑ http://www.nd.edu/~amanier/leftjab.html [9]
- ↑ http://www.narth.com [10]
- ↑ http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/justthefacts.html [11]
- ↑ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0722_040722_gayanimal.html
- ↑ http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx
- ↑ I have a dream - Martin Luther King
- ↑ http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/why-are-school-buses-yellow-a-teachers-college-professor-said-so/