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== Fleischmann Pons ==

== Fleischmann Pons ==

In 1989, electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah claimed to have produced such an effect loading a [[palladium]] cathode through electrolysis in heavy water, and some speculated that this might possibly become a source of cheap energy in the future.

In 1989, electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah claimed to have produced high levels of heat, and a low level of neutrons, loading a [[palladium]] cathode through electrolysis in heavy water, and some speculated that this might possibly become a source of cheap energy in the future.

After Fleischmann and Pons made their claim, a number of hasty attempts to replicate the effect failed, and the claim was generally discredited. However, work continued and Melvin Miles, at the United States Navy China Lake Research Laboratory, one of the original negative replicators, eventually found excess heat. Mike McKubre of Stanford Research International showed that a deuterium to palladium loading ratio of greater than 90% was needed to see the effect.<ref>McKubre, M.C.H., et al, [http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/McKubreMCHexcesspowe.pdf Excess Power Observations in Electrochemical Studies of the D/Pd System; the Influence of Loading], 1992</ref> The initial failures at MIT and CalTech used loading of well under 80%.

After Fleischmann and Pons made their claim, a number of hasty attempts to replicate the effect failed, and the claim was generally discredited. However, work continued and Melvin Miles, at the United States Navy China Lake Research Laboratory, one of the original negative replicators, eventually confirmed excess heat, and so did others. Mike McKubre of Stanford Research International showed that a deuterium to palladium loading ratio of greater than 90% was needed to see the effect.<ref>McKubre, M.C.H., et al, [http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/McKubreMCHexcesspowe.pdf Excess Power Observations in Electrochemical Studies of the D/Pd System; the Influence of Loading], 1992</ref> The initial failures at MIT and Cal Tech used loading of well under 80%.

Further Miles later found that helium, in connection with the Fleischmann-Pons Heat Effect, is produced with a ratio to the anomalous heat that is commensurate with the ratio expected from some form of deuterium fusion to helium (though this ratio would be found with any reaction that starts with deuterium and ends with helium).

Miles later found that helium, in the Fleischmann-Pons Heat Effect, is produced with a ratio to the anomalous heat that is commensurate with the ratio expected from some form of deuterium fusion to helium (this ratio would be found with any reaction that starts with deuterium and ends with helium).

The field, still being actively researched, has been covered in many academic publications in recent years, including a featured review by Edmund Storms, "Status of cold fusion (2010)," in ''Naturwissenschaften,'' October 2010.<ref>[http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEstatusofcoa.pdf Status of cold fusion (2010) (preprint)]</ref> The abstract of this review included:

The field, still being actively researched, has been covered in many academic publications in recent years, including a featured review by Edmund Storms, "Status of cold fusion (2010)," in ''Naturwissenschaften,'' October 2010.<ref>[http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/StormsEstatusofcoa.pdf Status of cold fusion (2010) (preprint)]</ref> The abstract of this review included:

The field has expanded from deuterium in palladium to also include hydrogen in nickel and nickel nano-powder, low energy glow discharge, and transmutation experiments (mostly in Japan). Research funding sources in the US include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration (DARPA), and the Department of Defense, Threat Reduction Agency.  

The field has expanded from deuterium in palladium to also include hydrogen in nickel and nickel nano-powder, low energy glow discharge, and transmutation experiments (mostly in Japan). Research funding sources in the US include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration (DARPA), and the Department of Defense, Threat Reduction Agency.  

There are also companies claiming to have working Nickel-hydrogen demonstration devices, claiming power levels that could see commercial usage; however there is no open independent evidence that these devices work reliably, only enthusiasm, promises from the companies -- often not met -- and some public demonstrations that convinced some, but that were also flawed in ways that eventually led to extended skepticism even from those who have accepted cold fusion in general.

There are also companies claiming to have working Nickel-Hydrogen demonstration devices, claiming power levels that could see commercial usage; however there is no open independent evidence that these devices work reliably, only enthusiasm, promises from the companies -- often not met --, and some public demonstrations that convinced some, but that were also flawed in ways that eventually led to extended skepticism even from those who have accepted cold fusion in general.

The next international conference will be the 17th International Conference on Cold Fusion in Deajeon, Korea, August 12-17, 2012.  

The 17th International Conference on Cold Fusion was held in Deajeon, Korea, August 12-17, 2012.

== References ==

== References ==