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adding notes and references
==Historical background==
==Historical background==
In 1915 Einstein introduced the field equation that placed into balance and found equal the [[Curvature of space|curvature]] at one side and mass on the other. He hoped that the equations of [[general relativity]] would determine a single universe model without any beginning or end. For reasons he could never make clear, he found universe so conceived particulary satisfying and he managed to find a solution to his own equations that specified universe of that sort, static and unchanged forever. A.G. Riess declares that Einstein's original idea was to have constant amount of energy in the space.<ref name="RiessNobel"/> When in 1920s Russian mathematician A.Friedman (1924)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite web
In 1915 Einstein introduced the field equation that placed into balance and found equal the [[Curvature of space|curvature]] at one side and mass on the other. He hoped that the equations of [[general relativity]] would determine a single universe model without any beginning or end. For reasons he could never make clear, he found universe so conceived particularly satisfying and he managed to find a solution to his own equations that specified universe of that sort, static and unchanged forever.<ref name="Devils"/>{{#tag:ref|The contemporary atheistic scientists such as [[Stephen Hawking|S.Hawking]] believe there is no room for creator in the universe which has no boundary or edge whereas in universe which had beginning we could suppose it had a creator.<ref name="WhomadeGod">{{cite book
|author=Edgar Anrews
|title= Who made God? Searching for a theory of everything.
|publisher= EP Books
|location= Carlisle, PA, USA
|year= 2010
|pages=98, 100
|isbn=978-0-85234-707-2
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EOFfAAAACAAJ&dq=Andrews+who+made+God&source=bl&ots=5Ru2cf9HRQ&sig=PilSMEqTMAmqtoUgJ9idnBQpH64&hl=en&sa=X&ei=099xUNuqE43KtAa8uICIDA&redir_esc=y
|quote= Stephen Hawking puts it thus: 'So long as teh universe had a beginning, we could suppose it had a creator. But if universe is really completely self-contained, having no boundary or edge, it would have neither beginning not end; it would simply be. What place then for creator?'}}</ref> See also: [[Singularity#Antipathy_to_the_idea_of_beginning|Antipathy to the idea of beginning]]|group=note}} A.G. Riess declares that Einstein's original idea was to have constant amount of energy in the space.<ref name="RiessNobel"/> When in 1920s Russian mathematician A.Friedman (1924)<ref name="Friedman">{{cite web
|author=Alexander Friedmann
|author=Alexander Friedmann
|title=Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes
|title=Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes
|chapter = The Cause
|chapter = The Cause
| url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/devils-delusion/about.php
| url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/devils-delusion/about.php
| quote = }}</ref> implying an [[Expanding universe|expanding universe]] or collapsing<ref name="DismantlingBB">{{cite book|author=Alex Williams, John Hartnett|title=Dismantling the Big Bang|publisher=Master Books|location=Green Forest, AR, USA|year=2005|pages=110|isbn=978-0-89051-437-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EvN9Gfbox74C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dismantling+Big&source=bl&ots=uuIXDOw4ld&sig=wWFH6PJy2ZW5JQc8N59jTX5FVd0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9WlsUJ-cJ8bGtAasp4H4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=CSR&f=false|quote=}}</ref>, Einstein, wishing to cancel out expansion, suggested modification to his field equations by adding a so-called cosmological term.<ref name="CSR">{{cite book
| quote = }}</ref> implying an [[Expanding universe|expanding ]] or collapsing universe<ref name="DismantlingBB">{{cite book|author=Alex Williams, John Hartnett|title=Dismantling the Big Bang|publisher=Master Books|location=Green Forest, AR, USA|year=2005|pages=110|isbn=978-0-89051-437-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EvN9Gfbox74C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dismantling+Big&source=bl&ots=uuIXDOw4ld&sig=wWFH6PJy2ZW5JQc8N59jTX5FVd0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9WlsUJ-cJ8bGtAasp4H4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=CSR&f=false|quote=...his equations were telling [Einstein] that [the universe] had to be either collapsing or expanding...A large value [of cosmological constant] would cause large redshifts and spacial distortion in nearby objects...[the cosmological constant ...involves fine-tuning of over 120 orders of magnitude (quoted Lawrence Krauss)]}}</ref>, Einstein, wishing to cancel out expansion, suggested modification to his field equations by adding a so-called cosmological term.<ref name="CSR">{{cite book
|author=Moshe Carmeli
|author=Moshe Carmeli
|title=Cosmological Special Relativity, The Large-Scale Structure of Space, Time and Velocity, 2nd Edition
|title=Cosmological Special Relativity, The Large-Scale Structure of Space, Time and Velocity, 2nd Edition
|isbn=9-789-02-4936-5
|isbn=9-789-02-4936-5
|quote=
|quote=
}}</ref> Before long, after Hubble's interpretation of new discoveries as expanding universe in 1929, the role of cosmological constant aiming to allow static homogeneous solutions to field equations in presence of matter seemed finished. Einstein called <math>\Lambda</math> ''"the biggest blunder of my life"''.
}}</ref> {{#tag:ref|cf."the 'cosmological constant' ... [also] had the effect of balancing the gravitational attraction that would otherwise cause the universe to collapse"<ref name="WhomadeGod"/>|group=note}} Before long, after Hubble's interpretation of new discoveries as expanding universe in 1929, the role of cosmological constant aiming to allow static homogeneous solutions to field equations in presence of matter seemed finished. Einstein called <math>\Lambda</math> ''"the biggest blunder of my life"''.<ref name="CSR"/>
==Revival of the cosmological constant vs. property of the correct metric==
==Revival of the cosmological constant vs. property of the correct metric==
In general, a positive <math>\Lambda</math> causes acceleration to the universe expansion, whereas negative <math>\Lambda</math> and ordinary matter tend to decelerate it.<ref name="CSR"/> When the ''Supernova Cosmology Project Collaboration'' and ''High-Z Supernova Team Collaboration'' started their research at the beginning of 1990s, both prevailing mainstream cosmological models assumed decelerating universe scenarios. The processing of collected data from research observations however indicated that the universe is accelerating and requires something like non-zero cosmological constant.<ref name="RiessNobel">{{cite web
In general, a positive <math>\Lambda</math> causes acceleration to the universe expansion, whereas negative <math>\Lambda</math> and ordinary matter tend to decelerate it.<ref name="CSR"/> When the ''Supernova Cosmology Project Collaboration'' and ''High-Z Supernova Team Collaboration'' started their research at the beginning of 1990s, both prevailing mainstream cosmological models assumed decelerating universe scenarios. The processing of collected data from research observations however indicated that the universe is accelerating and requires something like non-zero cosmological constant.<ref name="RiessNobel">{{cite web
|doi=10.1086/300499
|doi=10.1086/300499
|pages=1009-1038
|pages=1009-1038
}}</ref> and in December the same year the new discovery of the accelerating universe was declared to be a "breakthrough of the year" in the journal ''Science''.<ref>{{cite web
}}</ref> and in December the same year the new discovery of the accelerating universe was declared to be "Breakthrough of the Year" in the journal ''Science''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/1998/dec/18/science-chooses-accelerating-universe-as-breakthrough-of-the
|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/1998/dec/18/science-chooses-accelerating-universe-as-breakthrough-of-the
|title=Science chooses accelerating universe as "Breakthrough of the Year"
|title=Science chooses accelerating universe as "Breakthrough of the Year"
|date=Dec 18, 1998
|date=Dec 18, 1998
|publisher=IOP Publishing, A website from the Institute of Physics, physicsworld.com
|publisher=IOP Publishing, A website from the Institute of Physics, physicsworld.com
|acessdate=4.10.2012}}</ref>
|acessdate=4.10.2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5397/2156.1
|title=BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: ASTRONOMY: Cosmic Motion Revealed
|author=James Glanz
|date=18 December 1998
|publisher=Science Magazine
|volume=282
|issue=5397
|pages=2156-2157
|doi=10.1126/science.282.5397.2156a
|quote=In 1998, astronomers peered into the universe and found that it is flying apart ever faster, suggesting that Einstein was right when he posited a mysterious energy that fills "empty" space, and in fact that most of the energy of the universe is in this form. Two independent teams of astronomers found that not only is there too little matter in the universe to ever halt the expansion of the universe on its own, but the outward motion appears to be speeding up, not slowing down. At the same time, the finding raises such profound questions about the nature of space that cosmologists are wondering whether the ultimate fate of the universe can ever be known for certain. We therefore name their findings, which transform our view of the universe and pose fundamental new questions for physics, as Breakthrough of the Year for 1998.
|acessdate=7.10.2012}}</ref>
According to [[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]], it would be fair to state that most cosmologist would like the requirement for cosmological constant to disappear altogether. He interprets its extremely small value as a possible evidence for fine-tuned universe.<ref name="DismantlingBB"/>
According to [[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]], it would be fair to state that most cosmologist would like the requirement for cosmological constant to disappear altogether. He interprets its extremely small value as a possible evidence for fine-tuned universe.<ref name="DismantlingBB"/>
It has been however declared that [[Moshe Carmeli|Carmeli]]'s theory which has no explicit cosmological constant implies its equivalence of <math>\Lambda</math> = 1.934 × 10-35 s-2 and this value is supposed to be in excellent agreement with measurements.<ref name="Cosmological Constant">{{cite web|author=Moshe Carmeli|date=20 November 2002|title=Fundamental Approach to the Cosmological Constant Issue|journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A|volume=17|issue=29|pages=|doi=10.1142/S0217751X02013253|url=www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X02013253}}</ref> The 'force' pushing the universe apart, which invokes the ideas about [[dark energy]] is more correctly just a property of the correct metric.<ref name="starlight">{{cite book| last = Hartnett| first = John| authorlink = | title = Starlight, Time and the New Physics| publisher = Creation Ministries International| series = | year = 2007| doi = | isbn = 978-0-949-906687|pages=154|quote=}}</ref>
It has been however declared that [[Moshe Carmeli|Carmeli]]'s theory which has no explicit cosmological constant implies its equivalence of <math>\Lambda</math> = 1.934 × 10-35 s-2 and this value is supposed to be in excellent agreement with measurements.<ref name="Cosmological Constant">{{cite web|author=Moshe Carmeli|date=20 November 2002|title=Fundamental Approach to the Cosmological Constant Issue|journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A|volume=17|issue=29|pages=|doi=10.1142/S0217751X02013253|url=www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217751X02013253}}</ref> The 'force' pushing the universe apart, which invokes the ideas about [[dark energy]] is more correctly just a property of the correct metric.<ref name="starlight">{{cite book| last = Hartnett| first = John| authorlink = | title = Starlight, Time and the New Physics| publisher = Creation Ministries International| series = | year = 2007| doi = | isbn = 978-0-949-906687|pages=154|quote=}}</ref>
== Notes ==
<references group=note/>
== References ==
== References ==