Changes

Early considerations on human cognition doubted the applicability of the scientific approach to the subject, but gradually, following from early physiological studies by the Italian physician [[Galvani]], it became apparent that the [[physical science]] could be applicable to description of cognitive processes. Through the 20th century, great advancements from basic philosophical study to detailed examination of the human brain using the application of [[MRI]] and other modern scanning techniques have lead to a very detailed understanding of the underlying physical processes involved in the structure and operation of human cognition, however, a great deal remains unknown about the human brain, particularly in the areas of long-term memory storage and in a functional and predictive coherent picture of full brain functioning.

Early considerations on human cognition doubted the applicability of the scientific approach to the subject, but gradually, following from early physiological studies by the Italian physician [[Galvani]], it became apparent that the [[physical science]] could be applicable to description of cognitive processes. Through the 20th century, great advancements from basic philosophical study to detailed examination of the human brain using the application of [[MRI]] and other modern scanning techniques have lead to a very detailed understanding of the underlying physical processes involved in the structure and operation of human cognition, however, a great deal remains unknown about the human brain, particularly in the areas of long-term memory storage and in a functional and predictive coherent picture of full brain functioning.

Psychology is a relatively new discipline, less than two centuries old, and may be seen by some as a bastion of [[liberal]]ism and secularism, which may be rife with [[pseudoscience]] and quackery.<ref>[http://voxday.blogspot.com/2011/11/psychology-is-not-science.html Psychology is not science]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html?_r=1 Fraud Case Seen as a Red Flag for Psychology Research]</ref> For example, an article published by the New York Times in late 2011 reports how  only two third  of Dutch psychologists release the data for their experiments. This naturally would raise some concern about the validity of the findings for these experiments<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html Dutch psychologist Strapel accused of research fraud]</ref>

Psychology is a relatively new discipline, less than two centuries old, and may be seen by some as a bastion of [[liberal]]ism and secularism, which may be rife with [[pseudoscience]] and quackery.<ref>[http://voxday.blogspot.com/2011/11/psychology-is-not-science.html Psychology is not science]</ref><ref name="nytimes">[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html?_r=1 Fraud Case Seen as a Red Flag for Psychology Research]</ref> For example, an article published by the New York Times in late 2011 reports how  only two third  of Dutch psychologists release the data for their experiments. This naturally would raise some concern about the validity of the findings for these experiments<ref name="nytimes" />

In 2011, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:

In 2011, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:

{{cquote|Also common is a self-serving statistical sloppiness. In an analysis published this year, Dr. Wicherts and Marjan Bakker, also at the University of Amsterdam, searched a random sample of 281 psychology papers for statistical errors. They found that about half of the papers in high-end journals contained some statistical error.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html?_r=1 Fraud Case Seen as a Red Flag for Psychology Research]</ref>}}

{{cquote|Also common is a self-serving statistical sloppiness. In an analysis published this year, Dr. Wicherts and Marjan Bakker, also at the University of Amsterdam, searched a random sample of 281 psychology papers for statistical errors. They found that about half of the papers in high-end journals contained some statistical error.<ref name="nytimes" />}}

== Rosenhan experiment ==

== Rosenhan experiment ==