Changes

[[File:Bed-bugs-group.jpg|right]]

[[File:Bed-bugs-group.jpg|right]]

===Reproduction, development and longetivity===

===Reproduction, development and longetivity===

Like  stable flies, sucking lice, bed bugs, mosquitoes, true bugs, and aphids, bed bugs have a piercing-sucking mouthpart consists of a long slender tube which is forced into plant or animal tissue to suck out fluids or blood.<ref>ttp://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/entml2/s12.pdf</ref> Like mosquitoes and certain other insects, bed bugs inject an anticoagulant into their host before extracting blood, which results in a burning itching in persons who allergically react to the anticoagulant.   

Like  stable flies, sucking lice, bed bugs, mosquitoes, true bugs, and aphids, bed bugs have a piercing-sucking mouthpart that consists of a long slender tube which is forced into plant or animal tissue to suck out fluids or blood.<ref>ttp://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/entml2/s12.pdf</ref> Like mosquitoes and certain other insects, bed bugs inject an anticoagulant into their host before extracting blood, which results in a burning itching in persons who allergically react to the anticoagulant.   

Male bed bugs grab and attempt to mate with any other bed bug that has had a full meal of blood recently, using its hypodermic reproductive appendage. Females grow a mass of the kinds of cells associated with immune defense in the  the abdominal area most commonly pierced by the male. Male bed bugs lack this, and when [[homosexual]] mating attempts are made upon a male then the victim  releases a blend of chemicals known as the bed bug alarm [[pheromone]]. This recent discovery has resulted in some bed bug insecticides containing the pheromone. <ref>''Scent of alarm identifies male bed bugs,'' Science news, November 21st, 2009; Vol.176 #11</ref>  Bed bugs also release this substance when they are frightened, the smell of which has been described as a sickening sweet odor or as rotting raspberries.<ref>''The Best Control or Bed Bugs'', cp. 18</ref> Bed bugs in an all-male confinement experiment had reduced longevity compared to singly held males.<ref>The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, Volume 78, Issue 6, December 2009, Pages 1471-1475</ref>  

Male bed bugs grab and attempt to mate with any other bed bug that has had a full meal of blood recently, using its hypodermic reproductive appendage. Females grow a mass of the kinds of cells associated with immune defense in the  the abdominal area most commonly pierced by the male. Male bed bugs lack this, and when [[homosexual]] mating attempts are made upon a male then the victim  releases a blend of chemicals known as the bed bug alarm [[pheromone]]. This recent discovery has resulted in some bed bug insecticides containing the pheromone. <ref>''Scent of alarm identifies male bed bugs,'' Science news, November 21st, 2009; Vol.176 #11</ref>  Bed bugs also release this substance when they are frightened, the smell of which has been described as a sickening sweet odor or as rotting raspberries.<ref>''The Best Control or Bed Bugs'', cp. 18</ref> Bed bugs in an all-male confinement experiment had reduced longevity compared to singly held males.<ref>The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, Volume 78, Issue 6, December 2009, Pages 1471-1475</ref>