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adding section on Gnostic manuscripts
==Gnostic Manuscripts==
==Gnostic Manuscripts==
Until the 1946 discovery of the [[Nag hammadi|Nag Hammadi]] texts near [[Luxor]] in [[Egypt]], the only evidence about the existence of Gnostic groups came from anti-Gnostic [[church fathers]]<ref name="Carson"/> who occasionally quoted large fragments of Gnostic writings or sometimes whole works in their writings attacking and refuting the Gnostic [[heresy]] in defence of their [[Christian]] faith.<ref name="Skarsaune"/><ref name="Smith">{{cite book
|title=From Christ to Constantine
|author=M.A.Smith
|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press
|location=London
|year=1971
|pages=69,191
|isbn=0-85110-570-X
|url=http://books.google.no/books?id=9coLOAAACAAJ&dq=0-85110-570-X&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1nKMUJWCPKPe4QS60oHAAQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA
}}</ref> Those Gnostic heretical texts where [[Christ]] is conceived as a teacher and revealer of gnosis exhibit following characteristics<ref name="Skarsaune"/>:
*The texts contain only alleged sayings of Jesus often twisted so as to express the Gnostic theology
*Jesus transmits these isolated sayings without being placed in any role within Israel's history such as Roman occupation or without any relation to it
*The sayings of Jesus have no narrative or situational framework, there is no mention of any circumstances, topographical facts or historical events
==Gnostic Elitism==
==Gnostic Elitism==
==Gnostic Groups==
==Gnostic Groups==
Marcion's teaching was marked by a fundamental dualism that "looks like a [[Syncretism|combination]] of Christianity and Syrian gnosis". Marcion distinguished between the ''highest God'' (the merciful father revealed in Jesus Christ) and but just ''cruel God'' (the Creator and Lawgiver revealed in the Old Testament). He regarded matter as evil, denied the resurrection of body, advocated a strict asceticism, and held to a [[Docetism|docetic]] Christology. Marcion's dualism led him to make a complete disjunction between law and gospel and entitled rejecting the Old Testament in its entirety and as well those New Testament writings he judged to be infected by "the Judaizing" error. The Marcionite '[[canon]]' consisted of the ten letters of the "Apostle" - the [[Saint Paul|Pauline]] corpus minus the Pastoral Epistles - and the "Gospel" - an ''edited'' version of [[Luke]].<ref>{{cite book
Marcion's teaching was marked by a fundamental dualism that "looks like a [[Syncretism|combination]] of Christianity and Syrian gnosis". Marcion distinguished between the ''highest God'' (the merciful father revealed in Jesus Christ) and but just ''cruel God'' (the Creator and Lawgiver revealed in the Old Testament). He regarded matter as evil, denied the resurrection of body, advocated a strict asceticism, and held to a [[Docetism|docetic]] Christology. Marcion's dualism led him to make a complete disjunction between law and gospel and entitled rejecting the Old Testament in its entirety and as well those New Testament writings he judged to be infected by "the Judaizing" error. The Marcionite '[[canon]]' consisted of the ten letters of the "Apostle" - the [[Saint Paul|Pauline]] corpus minus the Pastoral Epistles - and the "Gospel" - an ''edited'' version of [[Luke]].<ref name="Carson">{{cite book
|author=David G. Dunbar et al.
|author=David G. Dunbar et al.
|title=Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
|title=Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon