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Oppenheimer’s brother Frank, and Frank’s wife Jackie, were also active members of the [[Communist Party]],<ref>“[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800436,00.html The Brothers],” ''Time'', June 27, 1949</ref> as was even Oppenheimer's landlady; in addition, several of Oppenheimer’s closest friends and protégés among his graduate students at Berkeley, including [[Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz]], Joe Weinberg, David Bohm, Philip Morrison and Bernard Peters were Communist Party members.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 147</ref>

Oppenheimer’s brother Frank, and Frank’s wife Jackie, were also active members of the [[Communist Party]],<ref>“[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800436,00.html The Brothers],” ''Time'', June 27, 1949</ref> as was even Oppenheimer's landlady; in addition, several of Oppenheimer’s closest friends and protégés among his graduate students at Berkeley, including [[Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz]], Joe Weinberg, David Bohm, Philip Morrison and Bernard Peters were Communist Party members.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 147</ref>

During the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]] (August 1939-June 1941), the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] expanded its surveillance of suspected Nazis to include [[Communist Party]] leaders.<ref>As soon as Roosevelt was inaugurated in March 1933, FDR's Secretary of State Cordell Hull told the FBI to investigate German Nazi groups [http://web.archive.org/web/20031128111253/http://www.uvm.edu/~apreston/Taken_Into_Custody.html in the United States]; the following year Roosevelt ordered the Bureau to investigate "the activity of the Nazi movement [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/html/ChurchB3_0200a.htm in this country]."  During the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], when the [[Soviet Union]] was a [[Nazi]] ally in the invasion of Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania (and Nazi collaborator in the conquest of France and [[Battle of Britain]]), this investigation was expanded to include the [[CPUSA]]. Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mcHJCCUcm-oC The Secret World of American Communism]'' (Yale University Press, 1995) ISBN 0300061838, p. 11</ref> In 1940, William Schneiderman, the California state chairman of the Communist Party, met with [[Isaac Folkoff]],<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 185 (PDF 195)</ref> West Coast liaison between the Communist Party and [[NKVD|Soviet intelligence]], at the home of then-secret (later confessed) Communist<ref>[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/document1.html Chevalier to Oppenheimer, July 23, 1964] (Robert Oppenheimer papers, Library of Congress)</ref> [[Haakon Chevalier]]. Also present at this meeting, according to FBI surveillance, was J. Robert Oppenheimer.<ref>FBI Report: J. Robert Oppenheimer, March 28, 1941, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated). Cf. [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 228 (PDF 237)</ref> The following year, Oppenheimer was added to [[President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Custodial Detention Index,<ref>On September 6, 1939, in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], [[Franklin Roosevelt|FDR]] directed the FBI "to take charge of investigative work in matters relating to espionage..." (Frank J. Rafalko, ed., ''[http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/ A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium]'' (Office of National Counterintelligence Executive), [http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/Vol1/Vol1Chap4.pdf Vol. 1, Ch. 4], p. 177) Three days later, FDR created the Emergency Detention Program (EDP), giving the Justice Department the power to “arrest and detain those persons deemed dangerous in the event of war, invasion, or insurrection in and of a foreign enemy.” (Athan Theoharis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hguHAAAAMAAJ Spying on Americans: political surveillance from Hoover to the Huston plan]'' [Temple University Press, 1978] ISBN 0877221413, p. 40) (The EDP would provide the basis for Roosevelt's wartime internment of Japanese, Germans and Italians in the United States during World War II.) That month, in a reference to the [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/saccov/redscare.html Red Scare] of 1919, Attorney General Cullen Murphy stated, “There will be no repetition of the confusion and laxity and indifference of [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/html/ChurchB3_0206a.htm  twenty years ago].” The CDI originated the following year in the Justice Department's [http://www.gaic.info/lps/LP%201%20Overview.pdf Special Defense Unit] (previously known as the Neutrality Laws Unit), later renamed the [http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/finding-aid/civilian/rg-60.html War Division]. During the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], the list was expanded to include Communists.</ref> listed as “Nationalistic Tendency: Communist.”<ref>Custodial Detention Memorandum, May 27, 1941, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated)</ref>

During the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]] (August 1939-June 1941), the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] expanded its surveillance of suspected Nazis to include [[Communist Party]] leaders.<ref>As soon as Roosevelt was inaugurated in March 1933, FDR's Secretary of State Cordell Hull told the FBI to investigate German Nazi groups [http://web.archive.org/web/20031128111253/http://www.uvm.edu/~apreston/Taken_Into_Custody.html in the United States]; the following year Roosevelt ordered the Bureau to investigate "the activity of the Nazi movement [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/html/ChurchB3_0200a.htm in this country]."  During the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], when the [[Soviet Union]] was a [[Nazi]] ally in the invasion of Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania (and Nazi collaborator in the conquest of France and [[Battle of Britain]]), this investigation was expanded to include the [[CPUSA]]. Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mcHJCCUcm-oC The Secret World of American Communism]'' (Yale University Press, 1995) ISBN 0300061838, p. 11</ref> In 1940, William Schneiderman, the California state chairman of the Communist Party, met with [[Isaac Folkoff]],<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 185 (PDF 195)</ref> West Coast liaison between the Communist Party and [[NKVD|Soviet intelligence]],<ref>[[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 357</ref> at the home of then-secret (later confessed) Communist<ref>[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/document1.html Chevalier to Oppenheimer, July 23, 1964] (Robert Oppenheimer papers, Library of Congress)</ref> [[Haakon Chevalier]]. Also present at this meeting, according to FBI surveillance, was J. Robert Oppenheimer.<ref>FBI Report: J. Robert Oppenheimer, March 28, 1941, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated). Cf. [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 228 (PDF 237)</ref> The following year, Oppenheimer was added to [[President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Custodial Detention Index,<ref>On September 6, 1939, in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], [[Franklin Roosevelt|FDR]] directed the FBI "to take charge of investigative work in matters relating to espionage..." (Frank J. Rafalko, ed., ''[http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/ A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium]'' (Office of National Counterintelligence Executive), [http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/Vol1/Vol1Chap4.pdf Vol. 1, Ch. 4], p. 177) Three days later, FDR created the Emergency Detention Program (EDP), giving the Justice Department the power to “arrest and detain those persons deemed dangerous in the event of war, invasion, or insurrection in and of a foreign enemy.” (Athan Theoharis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hguHAAAAMAAJ Spying on Americans: political surveillance from Hoover to the Huston plan]'' [Temple University Press, 1978] ISBN 0877221413, p. 40) (The EDP would provide the basis for Roosevelt's wartime internment of Japanese, Germans and Italians in the United States during World War II.) That month, in a reference to the [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/saccov/redscare.html Red Scare] of 1919, Attorney General Cullen Murphy stated, “There will be no repetition of the confusion and laxity and indifference of [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/html/ChurchB3_0206a.htm  twenty years ago].” The CDI originated the following year in the Justice Department's [http://www.gaic.info/lps/LP%201%20Overview.pdf Special Defense Unit] (previously known as the Neutrality Laws Unit), later renamed the [http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/finding-aid/civilian/rg-60.html War Division]. During the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], the list was expanded to include Communists.</ref> listed as “Nationalistic Tendency: Communist.”<ref>Custodial Detention Memorandum, May 27, 1941, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated)</ref>

=== Communist front activity ===

=== Communist front activity ===