Changes

==Fraudulent accounting 1990s - 2006==

==Fraudulent accounting 1990s - 2006==

Accounting problems at Fannie Mae first surfaced in 2003, and led to investigations by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] and [[U.S Justice Department]]. Regulators found a culture of corruption where management overstated earnings by $11 billion beginning in the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton era]]<ref>Bill Clinton appointed [[Rahm Emanuel]], later [[Obama]] Chief of Staff, to the Board of Directors of Fannie Mae's sister agency, Freddie Mac. Emanuel had no experience of qualifications for the position. Freddie Mac likewise was taken into conservatorship for mismanagement.</ref> and reaped huge bonuses for themselves<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-05-24/business/0605240197_1_senior-management-manipulated-accounting-fannie-mae-executive-officer-franklin-raines `Arrogant and unethical': Fannie Mae to pay $400 million penalty,] Robert Manor, ''Chicago Tribune'', May 24, 2006.</ref>  

Franklin Raines served as Fannie Mae's Vice Chairman from 1991 to 1996 when President [[Bill Clinton]]<ref>Bill Clinton appointed [[Rahm Emanuel]], later [[Obama]] Chief of Staff, to the Board of Directors of Fannie Mae's sister agency, Freddie Mac. Emanuel had no experience of qualifications for the position. Freddie Mac likewise was taken into conservatorship for mismanagement.</ref> and reaped huge bonuses for themselves<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-05-24/business/0605240197_1_senior-management-manipulated-accounting-fannie-mae-executive-officer-franklin-raines `Arrogant and unethical': Fannie Mae to pay $400 million penalty,] Robert Manor, ''Chicago Tribune'', May 24, 2006.</ref> recruited him to serve in the [[White House]] as Director of the [[Office of Management and Budget]]. In 1998 he returned to Fannie Mae as Chief Executive Officer (CEO). In 2004 the [[Securities & Exchange Commission]]'s (SEC) chief accountant ruled that Fannie had improperly accounted for hedging transactions in its trillion-dollar portfolio of derivatives.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2004-12-21/franklin-rainess-lost-gamble Franklin Raines's Lost Gamble,] ''BloombergBusinessweek'', December 21, 2004. </ref> The SEC ordered it to restate it's earnings which had been overstated by $11 billion from 2001 through mid-2004. The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, declared the company had been "significantly undercapitalized" using Fannie's "own unique methodology" for valuing derivatives. At $28.86 billion, Fannie's core capital was $2.98 billion, or almost 10%, below the required minimum.

Auditors stated,

The [[U.S Justice Department]] joined the investigation. Regulators found a culture of corruption where management under Raines. Auditors stated,

{{Cquote|The image of Fannie Mae as one of the lowest-risk and `best in class' institutions was a facade...Our examination found an environment where the ends justified the means. Senior management manipulated accounting, reaped maximum, undeserved bonuses, and prevented the rest of the world from knowing.}}

{{Cquote|The image of Fannie Mae as one of the lowest-risk and `best in class' institutions was a facade...Our examination found an environment where the ends justified the means. Senior management manipulated accounting, reaped maximum, undeserved bonuses, and prevented the rest of the world from knowing.}}

The auditor's report stated executives moved profits from one year to the next to assure they would meet company goals to receive undeserved bonuses and accused Fannie Mae of taking large and sometimes unprofitable risks that were not revealed to investors. The report issued in 2006 was only the beginning of the revelations that shook the world.

The auditor's report stated executives moved profits from one year to the next to assure they would meet company goals to receive undeserved bonuses and accused Fannie Mae of taking large and sometimes unprofitable risks that were not revealed to investors. Raines was forced out. The auditors report was only the beginning of the revelations that shook the world.

==Collapse and conservatorship 2008==

==Collapse and conservatorship 2008==